Essay 3 Essays - Drug Control Law, Psychoactive Drugs, Articles

Matt Screws Anderson English 1101 3/31/19 The War on Drugs is a Failure The war on drug s in the United States has been continuing for almost 50 years and has had a profound effect on many groups of people . President Richard Nixon's declaration of a "war on drugs" a war that has cost roughly a trillion dollars, has produced little to no effect on the supply of or demand for drugs in the United States, has contributed to making America the world's largest incarcerator , and has eroded the civil liberties and rights of American people . Now there has probably never been a drug free society. Virtually every society has ingested psychoactive substances to deal with pain, increase energy, and even commune with God. Our want to adjust our state of awareness might be as basic as our craving for nourishment, friendship, and sex. The reasons drugs are made legal and others not has almost zero to do with science or health and almost everything to do with who uses and who is perceived to use a particular substance. For instance, in the 19 th century the main users of opiates in this country were middle aged white women who would use these medications to alleviate aches and pains when few other remedies of this kind were available. There was no thought of criminalizing them back then because no one wanted to throw grandma in jail. However, the feelings about opiates changed dramatically whenever Chinese people showed up to work on the railroads and in the mines. They justified their prohibition laws by demonizing the drug and leading people to believe that these Chinese immigrants were trying to transform their white women into drug addicted sex slaves. The first cocaine prohibition laws were similar but instead target toward black men who they were afraid would use this drug and forget his p roper place in southern society. Marijuana followed sui t and was made illegal by all the fears associated with Mexican migrants use of the drug. In the Ted Talk "Why we need to end the W ar on D rugs " Ethan Nadelmann said, " If the principal smokers of cocaine were affluent older white men and the principal consumers of Viagra were poor young black men, then smokable cocaine would be easy to get with a prescription from your doctor and selling Viagra would get you five to 10 years behind bars " . The real enemies of the war on drugs are not the drugs themselves but communities which use these drugs . Th e drugs are just the convenient excuse to target these groups. The Nixon White House had two enemies which were the antiwar left and blacks. They realized there wasn't a way to make it illegal to be against the war or black so they would just criminalize drugs which were present in the communities. Once they were able to get society to associate certain drugs with different groups, they were able to disrupt the communities by raiding their homes and locking up their leaders all while lying about the effects of these drugs. Through the late 80s and into the 90s we began to see incarceration rates skyrocket from just 50,000 in 1980 to over 400,000 by 1997 thanks to Reagans unprecedented expansion of the drug war . Today the war is still being waged and the same groups are still being targeted. The markets for marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine are global commodities markets just like the global markets in alcohol, tobacco, coffee, and su gar. Where there is a demand there will be a supply . Knock it out an another one is certain to emerge. People tend to think of prohibition as the ultimate form of regulation when in fact it represents the absence of regulation with criminals filling the void. Putting criminal laws and po lice front and center in trying to control a dynamic global commodities market is a recipe for disaster. Started first as means to target specific racial groups and people left of center the war on drugs has been successful in what it was designed to do yet it failed to stem addiction .

Free Essays on Hilter

One reason the people of Germany accepted Hitler’s orders willingly and without question was beause it was what they wanted to hear. At the time the depression set in they were looking for a scapegoat for all of their problems, and Hitler gave it to them in the form of the Jew’s, gypsies, and other minorities. He blamed all the economic and social troubles on these groups, even going so far as to say that they caused Germany to lose the first world war. Another reason they let themselves be so easily persuaded by Hitler was because his policy of aggression and rearmament created the jobs he needed to fuel Germany’s growing war machine. With his gaining of chancellorship and then the death of von Hindinberg, he was in total control, and the people were at the mercy of his will. They thought that as long as they were doing well, what does it matter if a few others are tortured in the process? Another factor that helped Hitler gain control of the people was the hars hness that the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany. The German people so resented it that when Hitler offered them a way out of it, they followed him blindly, not aware or not caring of the consequences. They must have felt pretty stupid the the â€Å"thousand year reign† of Hitler’s Germany lasted only 12 short years.... Free Essays on Hilter Free Essays on Hilter One reason the people of Germany accepted Hitler’s orders willingly and without question was beause it was what they wanted to hear. At the time the depression set in they were looking for a scapegoat for all of their problems, and Hitler gave it to them in the form of the Jew’s, gypsies, and other minorities. He blamed all the economic and social troubles on these groups, even going so far as to say that they caused Germany to lose the first world war. Another reason they let themselves be so easily persuaded by Hitler was because his policy of aggression and rearmament created the jobs he needed to fuel Germany’s growing war machine. With his gaining of chancellorship and then the death of von Hindinberg, he was in total control, and the people were at the mercy of his will. They thought that as long as they were doing well, what does it matter if a few others are tortured in the process? Another factor that helped Hitler gain control of the people was the hars hness that the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany. The German people so resented it that when Hitler offered them a way out of it, they followed him blindly, not aware or not caring of the consequences. They must have felt pretty stupid the the â€Å"thousand year reign† of Hitler’s Germany lasted only 12 short years....

JOHM'S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

JOHM'S - Essay Example This created a panic among not only individuals but also the engineers because of excessive volatility. Accordingly, the bridge was closed temporarily from June 12, 2000. (The Millennium Bridge, 2011) After investigation, it was discovered that the main reason for the swing bridge is not weakness, but people walking style. This phenomenon was known as the synchronous lateral excitationse. This meant that the natural way of walking caused by human lateral oscillations cause the bridge to swing sideways. (London Landmarks, 2011) Research and experiments led to the suggestion of introducing damping mechanisms to absorb the pressure or the vibration of people walking. Depreciation is not only beneficial to absorb pressure and oscillation, but it is not visible. This is due to damping mechanisms are mainly in the bottom of the structure. Therefore, the issue has been addressed effectively and was a signal for future structures. (Millenium Bridge,

The Value of ACH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Value of ACH - Essay Example ACH allows analysts to disapprove a hypothesis rather than jumping into mere conclusions.1 ACH is an essential tool to all analysts. It is so because of the various strengths that it displays. Audit trial and overcoming cognitive biases are among the strengths of this tool. In audit trial, by listing of the evidence, weighing its importance and relevance illustrates the importance of ACH. Also by applying it to the available hypothesis in the matrix clearly illustrates the ACH analytic process and this creates a clear and apparent evidence trial. This helps us to explain all our findings to the decision makers and conduct some after- action reviews of our analysis to discover what went wrong or right. In overcoming the cognitive biases, ACH helps us face the alternative hypothesis in a more systematic way. Disapproving hypothesis offers more effective ways of avoiding the established roadblocks and showing how dependent analysts may be on a single piece of available evidence which may eventually lead to ongbad and weak decision making.2 However, it has some unavoidable weaknesses and limitations. ACH tends to be solely dependent on the validity of the evidence available and also it is sometimes time-consuming. On its dependence on the evidence validity, ACH analytic process is only as good as the type of evidence that is incorporated into the process. The most thoughtful process execution can sometimes be undermined in cases of disinformation and unreliable evidence. While this is an issue with all systematic strategies and is, subsequently, a feeble feedback of the strategy, it frequently calls into inquiry the apparently "investigative" after-effects of the ACH technique. Performing ACH manually tends to be arduous and long especially in cases of several hypothesis or a broad source of evidence. Analysts tend to argue that they lack enough time to

SHORT BIOGRAPHY HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SHORT BIOGRAPHY HISTORY - Essay Example Furthermore, living near the borders must have accentuated his â€Å"difference† from the dominant white class. Nevertheless, it could be that because of his difference that he enjoyed life from another perspective. In â€Å"The Secret Lion,† Rà ­os shows that human nature and nature nurtured his intellectual, social, and emotional development as a biracial adolescent. Human nature’s tendency to seek for freedom and opportunity dominated Rà ­os’ teenage life. When he and his friend Sergio found a â€Å"cannonball,† they called it a â€Å"lion† (Rà ­os par. 1). The title says it is a secret lion, because they told no one of this â€Å"treasure† that they found. This lion represents freedom and opportunities. It allowed Alberto and Sergio the freedom to own something no one can take away from them. Being twelve years old, they know that adults will only confiscate their discovery. Rà ­os says: â€Å"That’s the way it works with little kids†¦Junior high kids too† (6). Adults are shown as thieves of innocent happiness. It is up to Alberto to use his human nature to protect what he thinks is his. So they take this cannon ball and hide it and never tell anyone about it, especially adults. The â€Å"lion† also stands for something mystically strong and perfect. Having this ball in their poss ession gives them the opportunity to feel something â€Å"perfect† in their lives. It is round and therefore â€Å"perfect and it spreads perfection to its beholders (5). It is â€Å"heavy† and they feel its importance. If they have something important, then they too are important. They do not have to feel smaller, as some minorities do in dominant white cultures. They can be round and perfect; they can be special like this lion. When Alberto says that this ball changed them, he implies that it made them â€Å"roar† (1). They have found a symbol of empowerment. A cannon ball explodes. It has inert power that is waiting to be released. Alberto must have felt this lion is him

Death of a Salesman Analysis

Death of a Salesman Analysis The End OF American Dream Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller, tells the story of Willy Loman, a salesman who reflects on the frustrations and failures of his life, which are due to his beliefs in the American dream and the experience. The general idea behind the American Dream is that people are capable of succeeding. Success requires one to work hard and to be dedicated to both their professional and family lives. People often misconstrue the concept behind the dream in thinking that wealth defines success. Failing to acknowledge the importance of hard work in achieving the American Dream is another aspect of this misconception. Willys quest for the American Dream eventually ends in failure, as he is one who has continuously been chasing the illusion, as opposed to the reality of it. His perfectionist attitude toward his dream, his obsession with success, and his constant reminiscence to the past that contribute to his defeat in the end. By ignoring the present, Willy fails to deal with reality. He has a tendency of living in the past and thinking of the future. He always thinks that if he had done something differently than this could have happened, or things will get better as time passes. His habit of distorting the past, never allows Willy to realize what is going on right then and there in the present. At one time, when Willy goes off down memory lane, he says to Biff and Happy, America is full of beautiful towns and fine, upstanding people. And they know me, boys the finest people therell be open sesame for all of us, cause one thing boys: I have friends. I can park my car in any street and the cops protect it like their own. Willy makes this distortion of the past in order to make he believe that he has achieved the American Dream. At times when doing this was not possible, Willy looks to the future and thinks he can still achieve it then. For instance, he has this dream of having a big, spectacular funeral. I n the end when Willy dies, at his funeral, Linda says, Why didnt anybody come Where are all the people he knew? . All his life, he holds on to this fantasy, but he never faces the reality of how he could have made it come true. It is his vision of the people of the past that lead Willy to follow a particular path, leading to his demise in the end. By disregarding the present, Willy fails to manage reality. He has an inclination of living in the past and thinking of the future. He generally believes that in the event that he had accomplished something uniquely in contrast to this could have happened, or things will show signs of improvement over the long haul. His propensity for twisting the past, never permits Willy to acknowledge what is going on at that moment in the present. At one time, when Willy goes off through a world of fond memories, he says to Biff and Happy, America is loaded with wonderful towns and fine, upstanding individuals. Whats more, they know me, young men the finest individuals therell be open sesame for every one of us, cause one thing young men: I have companions. I can stop my auto in any road and the cops ensure it like their own. Willy makes this bending of the past keeping in mind the end goal to make he trust that he has accomplished the American Dream. Now and again while doing this was impractica l, Willy looks to the future and supposes he can even now accomplish it then. For example, he has this fantasy of having a major, fantastic burial service. At last when Willy bites the dust, at his memorial service, Linda says, Why didnt anyone come Where are every one of the general population he knew? . All his life, he clutches this dream, however he never confronts the truth of how he could have made it work out. It is his vision of the general population of the past that lead Willy to take after a specific way, prompting to his destruction at last. The success attained by Willys role models, Dave Singleman, and Ben, is what he envisions to be the American Dream. He only visualizes the end product, being successful, and not the process they may have gone through to achieve that success. Willys father sold flutes and made that his living. In an encounter with his thoughts of the past, Willy listens to Ben, his brother, who refers to Dave Singleman by saying, Great Inventor, Father. With one gadget he made more in a week than a man like you could make in a lifetime. Willy assumes that by being a salesman, like Dave Singleman is that he will automatically be guaranteed success, and that it was not something that he would have to work for. Material success, such as money, luxury, and wealth, and popularity are his goals and his definition of success. On the other hand, self-fulfilment and happiness through hard work is not. By only focusing on the outer appearance of the American Dream, Willy ignores the reality of the hard work and dedication required to obtain it. His constant preoccupation with being successful, being well-liked, and attaining that Dream with the perfect job, the perfect family, and the perfect life, never leaves his mind. The unattainable part of Willys notion of the American Dream is perfection. This illusion shadows Willy as it takes him through his life. He has this set picture in his mind of how everything should be: a good job, a high paying salary, a wonderful family with smart kids and a perfect housewife, being well-liked, being happy, and having no problems at all. Because Willy has this perception of how life should be, any entity that does not fit his viewpoint turns out as this huge ordeal. This obsession of perfection is a reason for why, in reality, he did not have a happy family. By trying to make his family fit the image of the American Dream, he actually caused their unhappiness. Failing at this attempt of perfecting his family is just one example of Willys many mistakes. Due to the fact that he is a so-called perfectionist, accomplishment is never evident to Willy. Once he reaches any goal, he never sees the good in it; instead he only sees what he could have done better. Perfection is just a figment of the imagination, an elusive illusion, just as the American Dream is in Willys mind. Willy Loman portrays a common man, who lives a life that is purely an illusion. Although Willy has good intentions, his tragic flaw is that he focuses only on the appearance of the American Dream and never on the reality, the work ethic, or how to achieve it. Willy brings about his own downfall, his defeat, because he tries to pursue this superficial idea. Miller includes this theme of the American Dream in his social criticism in an attempt to portray the deviation in the values of society. For instance, materialism and technological advances, causes the American Dream to change as times changes. The salesman is a position that has declining importance at the time. He shows that an individuals values are based on what society has established. Yet, as society changes, the values one has may not, causing conflict between the society and the individual

Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death Essay examples -- Mas

Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death      Ã‚   After reading Edgar Allan Poe's "The Masque of Red Death" (317-22), the reader can only conclude that death is the theme once again in another thrilling horror tale. Other critics such as Patricia H. Wheat, view this tale as a battle between life and death (51-56). Yet, Leonard Cassuto brings an interesting theory to this tale--"According to the narrator's own account, no one survives the Red Death. The only one who(lives) is Death. The narrator must be death himself" (317-20). Reflecting back to the various critical analogies on tone, character, and allegory on "The Masque of Red Death" a certain aspect of this work has yet to be defined. The plague that devastated a whole countryside could only be described. Could it be that Poe uses this fiction to chronicle his own encounters with death in his own life? To better understand this viewpoint a short summary is incorporated:    " The Red Death had long devastated the country. No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous. Blood was its Avatar and it's seal-the redness and the horror of blood. There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness, and then profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution. The scarlet stains upon the body and especially upon the face of the victim was the pest ban, which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of his fellow men. And the whole seizure, progress, and termination of the disease were the incidents of half an hour" (Poe 317-22).    In this passage Poe describes a plague that death uses to take its victims. The horrific manner in which the disease appears -- bleeding at the pores, sharp pains, and seizures--can be related back to episodes in... ...Tales of Mystery and Imagination Norwalk: Heritage P.,1969. 317-322. Starret, Vincent. "Tales of Mystery and Imagination." Norwalk: Heritage P., 1969. Intro. Wheat, Patricia H. " The Masque of Indifference in The Masque of Red Death". Stud Short Fiction, 19(1982), 51-56.    Works Consulted Alton, Laura. "Masque of Red Allegory." 30 Oct.,1999. <http://www.neo.Irun.com/12stark/12smith/Netpages/Masque/alton.htm>. Bell, H.H. " The Masque of Red Death An Interpretation." South Atlantic Bulletin. 38 (Nov. 1973) 101-105. Dudley, Leonard. " The Coy Reaper: Unmasque-ing the Red Death". Stud Short Fiction. 30 (1993), 169-73. Silk, Richard D. "Poe's The Masque of Red Death". Explicator, 47(1989) 24-26. Womack, Martha. "Edgar Allan Poe's The Masque of Red Death." 28 Oct. 1999. <http://www.poedecoder.com/essays/masque/>.    Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death Essay examples -- Mas Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death      Ã‚   After reading Edgar Allan Poe's "The Masque of Red Death" (317-22), the reader can only conclude that death is the theme once again in another thrilling horror tale. Other critics such as Patricia H. Wheat, view this tale as a battle between life and death (51-56). Yet, Leonard Cassuto brings an interesting theory to this tale--"According to the narrator's own account, no one survives the Red Death. The only one who(lives) is Death. The narrator must be death himself" (317-20). Reflecting back to the various critical analogies on tone, character, and allegory on "The Masque of Red Death" a certain aspect of this work has yet to be defined. The plague that devastated a whole countryside could only be described. Could it be that Poe uses this fiction to chronicle his own encounters with death in his own life? To better understand this viewpoint a short summary is incorporated:    " The Red Death had long devastated the country. No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous. Blood was its Avatar and it's seal-the redness and the horror of blood. There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness, and then profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution. The scarlet stains upon the body and especially upon the face of the victim was the pest ban, which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of his fellow men. And the whole seizure, progress, and termination of the disease were the incidents of half an hour" (Poe 317-22).    In this passage Poe describes a plague that death uses to take its victims. The horrific manner in which the disease appears -- bleeding at the pores, sharp pains, and seizures--can be related back to episodes in... ...Tales of Mystery and Imagination Norwalk: Heritage P.,1969. 317-322. Starret, Vincent. "Tales of Mystery and Imagination." Norwalk: Heritage P., 1969. Intro. Wheat, Patricia H. " The Masque of Indifference in The Masque of Red Death". Stud Short Fiction, 19(1982), 51-56.    Works Consulted Alton, Laura. "Masque of Red Allegory." 30 Oct.,1999. <http://www.neo.Irun.com/12stark/12smith/Netpages/Masque/alton.htm>. Bell, H.H. " The Masque of Red Death An Interpretation." South Atlantic Bulletin. 38 (Nov. 1973) 101-105. Dudley, Leonard. " The Coy Reaper: Unmasque-ing the Red Death". Stud Short Fiction. 30 (1993), 169-73. Silk, Richard D. "Poe's The Masque of Red Death". Explicator, 47(1989) 24-26. Womack, Martha. "Edgar Allan Poe's The Masque of Red Death." 28 Oct. 1999. <http://www.poedecoder.com/essays/masque/>.   

Rkot1 Oraganizational Systems and Quality Leadership

RKOT 1 Organizational Systems and Quality Leadership Western Governor’s University Leadership Strategies Leadership is, first and foremost, a stance—an attitude. A leader faces the problem and says what we can do to address it. Leaders take responsibility for problems. (L 101: So You Want to Be a Leader in Health Care ) Two strategies a nurse might use as an informal leader on an interdisciplinary team are form a clearer picture of the real situation and start looking for ideas of how to solve the problem. L 101: So You Want to Be a Leader in Health Care ) As a nurse on an interdisciplinary team you could start by gathering information regarding the situation to form a clearer picture. Often time’s members of the team only look at what is affecting their individual work flow. As a leader a nurse should put the patient at the center of the picture and investigate how the roles of the individual team members affect the patient as a whole. People often look only at how a situation will affect them and their workflow and do not look at the situation as a whole.Instead of just complaining about a situation the can take a leadership role by gathering information from all members of the team and piecing this information together as to form a clearer picture of the situation. To become an effective leader the nurse must not only gather the information to form a clearer picture but also work with the team to look for and offer ideas to solve the problem. As a leader, a nurse would not just join in on the complaining.Once the information is gathered and the problem is clearly identified; to be a true leader, the nurse would look for creative solutions possibly initiating changes in workflow to alleviate the problem. A leader goes the extra step to implement change. Active Involvement Two ways a nurse can take an active, contributing role within the interdisciplinary team are identifying quality issues or concerns and ensuring there is open active com munication between members of the team as well as the patient.As a nurse you should be a strong patient advocate. During interdisciplinary rounds you should bring up concerns that may affect patient care. If there is uncertainty regarding the scheduled treatments or procedures and timing of those interventions the nurse should advocate for the patient in order for the patient to receive the best possible care. Nurses must ensure patient safety by asking questions if they are no sure as to whether the right procedure or treatment is being ordered or carried out.It is the nurse’s job, while overseeing the care of the patient, to report any unsafe or potentially unsafe acts in order to advocate for the patient and develop best practices. As an advocate for the patient you should also speak up if the patient has unmet needs such as inadequate pain control or if timing of procedures prevents patients from obtaining uninterrupted sleep. The nurse can also take an active role in the interdisciplinary team by ensuring there is open two way communication between members of the treatment team and also the patient.Patients are generally more compliant with treatment plans when they have active participation in the development of the treatment plan. An example of open communication and team work make be the nurse coordinating with therapy in order to ensure the patient is medicated prior to undergoing therapy in order to increase participation by the patient and therefore allowing the patient to become more engaged in their treatment secession. Teams work more efficiently when they have open communication.The nurse can lead the team by ensuring that all members communicate and are on the same patient in regards to patient’s care plan and goals. By ensuring the lines of communication or kept open and aligning workflow the ultimate winner is the patient due to better coordination of care. Culture of Safety Psychological safety, active leadership, transparency and fairness are four characteristics used to create a culture of safety. (PS106 Introduction to the Culture of Safety) There are many ways that you can promote a culture on safety in your workplace.When someone initially starts a position they are often assigned a buddy or preceptor. In order to create a culture of psychological safety people need to know they can speak up without being judged. One organization has taken steps to stand up to doctor’s if they are being derogatory to nurses or other staff. The nurses can actually call a code in which people stop their work follow and physically stand behind the nurse if she feels she is being spoken to in an inappropriate or unprofessional manner. Spirit on the spot is another example of creating an environment of psychological safety.By enabling anyone to report when someone is caught doing something right such as stopping to give directions to a visitor when someone appears lost it creates a positive environment to work. Act ive Leadership can be observed in organizations that have open forums in which leaders meet with front line staff and encourage questions regarding workflow or any ideas or suggestions for improvement. Monthly leadership rounding is where leaders walk around on units and stop to speak with the staff asking how their day is going and if there is anything that their leader can do to make a difference in their work environment.This is an excellent example of active leadership. These leaders come to the staff one on one and encourage open discussion. Transparency occurs when there is a system in which when errors are reported or near misses are reported action is taken to investigate the error or near miss and change is initiated that will decrease the likelihood of the error reoccurring. An example of transparency occurred within an organization by the change in national patient safety standards requiring two patient identifiers when working with a patient.To create an environment of f airness an organization needs to act when errors are caused by system errors. Nurses often find system errors when procedures are changed or modified. People too often just thing of how the change will affect their own discipline and not how it will affect patient care or the system as a whole. The staff needs to know that if a change is implemented that creates errors instead of decreasing errors they will be able to speak up and a new course of action will be taken.An example of culture of safety occurred when my hospital first implement EMR’s. The order sets were written where inpatient and observation could both be ordered on a patient at the time of admission. The utilization nurse felt comfortable addressing the issue with her leader and was encouraged to speak with not only her leader but also administration regarding the possible conflict in orders. The nurse was rewarded for speaking up and the organization quickly worked to determine the best way to change the order sets in order to avoid the conflicting orders.The organization then took steps to be transparent by admitting there was an error in the original order sets and doing educational seminars for the admit staff, physicians, nurses and coders regarding the conflict in orders. If there had not been a culture of safety and the nurse had not spoken up the error in orders may have continued for months resulting in incorrect or non payment for the facility and errors in co-pays for the patients. REFERENCES L 101: So You Want to Be a Leader in Health Care . (n. d. ). Retrieved March 8, 2013, from Institute for Healthcare Improvement: http://app. hi. org/lms/lessonpageworkflow. aspx? CatalogGuid=6cb1c614-884b-43ef-9abd-d90849f183d4&CourseGuid=c1164ba8-5af1-438b-8a1f-d409911a4948&LessonGuid=b9a441cc-d2af-4211-8ba8-5359c06a8cb6 PS106 Introduction to the Culture of Safety. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 8, 2013, from Institute for Healthcare Improvement: http://app. ihi. org/lms/lessonpageworkflow. as px? CatalogGuid=6cb1c614-884b-43ef-9abd-d90849f183d4&CourseGuid=789d9cbb-7dd3-4fe9-8df2-e0c63725b350&LessonGuid=4b250d37-cf44-4561-b830-53ed5865c6b8

Hexenverfolgung und die Bußßag Daniel Bittels von 1629

Hexenverfolgung und die Bußßag Daniel Bittels von 1629 Free Online Research Papers Hexenverfolgung und die „Bußßagâ€Å" Daniel Bittels von 1629 Frà ¼he Hexenverurteilungen gab es schon im 13. Jahrhundert mit dem Entstehen der Inqui-sition, die sich jedoch eigentlich gegen Ketzer richtete. Die theologische Akzeptanz der Existenz von Teufel und Dmonen, die sich erst im Verlauf des Mittelalters gebildet hatte, war jedoch schon ausgeprgt. Hexerei per se war aus Sicht der Kirche kein so gravierendes Vergehen wie andere Ketzereien. So wies Papst Alexander IV. 1260 zum Beispiel die In-quisitoren an, Hexen nicht aktiv zu verfolgen und ihre Prozesse bei Zeitmangel zurà ¼ckzu-stellen, da die Bekmpfung der Ketzer im Vordergrund zu stehen hatte. Die europische Hexenverfolgung, die meist von 1450 bis 1750 datiert wird, ereignete sich in grà ¶ÃƒÅ¸erem Umfang erst in der Frà ¼hen Neuzeit und, nicht nur im Bamberger Raum, vor allem zu Zeiten des Dreißigjhrigen Kriegs. Man kà ¶nnte sagen, dass eine Art Hysterie be-zà ¼glich Zauberei entstand, welche auch juristisch aufgegriffen wurde und zu Verdchtigun-gen und Denunziationen fà ¼hrte. Frà ¼hneuzeitlichen Hexentheoretikern zufolge waren die wichtigsten Merkmale einer Hexe der Hexenflug, der Schadenszauber und das Treffen, der Pakt und der Geschlechtsverkehr mit dem Teufel. Frauen galten als besonders leicht vom Teufel zu verfà ¼hren, was dazu fà ¼hrte, dass der Großteil der Opfer von Hexenprozessen Frauen waren. Bis heute findet dies in der stets weiblichen Hexe seinen Ausdruck. Ungeachtet dessen, waren jedoch auch Mnner auf der Anklagebank. Wichtig war vor allem die Verbreitung der Idee einer allge-meinen Verschwà ¶rung der Hexen und des Teufels, die die Existenz der Kirche bedroht und gegen die vorgegangen werden muss. Die neuere Forschung geht davon aus, dass vor allem dieser Aspekt des Ausrottens des Bà ¶sen in der Gesellschaft bei den handelnden Akteuren der Hexenverfolgung im Vordergrund stand. In Bamberg war die Hexenlehre zwar bekannt, wurde jedoch lange nicht angewendet. Nur vereinzelt lassen sich Prozesse finden, in denen konkret ein Bezug des Tters zum Teufel genannt wird. Viele Flle lassen sich jedoch finden, bei denen es sich um simple Verfahren wegen Zauberei handelte und die Strafe auch deutlich geringer ausfiel, als bei „normalenâ€Å" Hexenprozessen. Noch 1625, kurz vor der großen Welle der bamberger Hexenprozesse, lassen sich derart milde Flle finden. Erst so spt – der Hexenhammer ist seit dem ausgeh-enden 15. Jahrhundert bekannt – wurde die theoretische Grundlage in juristische Praxis umgesetzt. Ein Faktor, der in Bamberg zur Hexenverfolgung fà ¼hrte, war die kleine Eiszeit, die die Ernten vernichtete und die Bevà ¶lkerung deswegen nach Sà ¼ndenbà ¶cken, aber auch viele Zuflucht bei Zauberern und Hexen suchen ließ. Ein weiterer, womà ¶glich wichtigerer Faktor ist die hà ¶here Empfindlichkeit der Behà ¶rden gegenà ¼ber Hexerei durch die aufkom-mende Zielsetzung, „eine nach Gottes Geboten lebende Gesellschaft zu schaffenâ€Å", wie Dippold es umschreibt. Hexenprozesse fanden in Bamberg massenweise ab1626 statt. Schon in den ersten drei Jahren gab es rund 600 Opfer von Hexenprozessen. Meist unter Folter zwang man den Angeklagten ein Gestndnis ab, worin sie schilderten wie sie vom Teufel verfà ¼hrt worden waren und außerdem die Namen anderer Hexen zu nennen hatten, da diese sich ja der Lehre nach zum Hexensabbat zusammenfanden. Oft wurden à ¼ber so im Gestndnis genannte Personen Dossiers angelegt und Nachforschungen angestellt. Mehr-malige Nennung bei derartigen Verhà ¶ren konnte selbst fà ¼r angesehene Persà ¶nlichkeiten einen eigenen Prozess mit Gefangenschaft und Folter bedeuten. Der Verdacht auf Hexerei war ein besonderer. Verteidiger wurden nicht zugelassen und Rechte des Angeklagten aus-ser Kraft gesetzt. Oft reichten wage Indizien, um mit der Folter zu beginnen. Erst mit den nahenden s chwedischen Truppen, die die Stadt 1632 eroberten, endete die Hexenverfol-gung. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist nun der vorliegende Text eines Gestndnisses von 1629 zu betrachten. Der Prozess geschah wohl auch hier im Gegensatz zur Inquisition vor einem weltlichen Gericht und vermutlich aufgrund von Denunziationen und Nennung in anderen Gestndnissen. Daniel Bittel, ein 14 Jahre alter Junge aus Bamberg, wurde am 11. und nochmals am 22. Mai 1629 wegen des Vorwurfs der Hexerei befragt und gefoltert. Nach der Folter durch den Daumenstock gestand er, ein Trudner (Hexer, Teufelsbà ¼ndner) und großer Sà ¼nder zu sein sowie seine achtjhrige Schwester begehrt zu haben. Daraufhin wurde er durch Beinschrau-ben gefoltert und gestand schließlich, durch seine Schwester, mit welcher er den Inzest vollzogen und diese sich danach in eine „heßliche gestalltâ€Å" mit Drachenkà ¶rper verwandelt habe, zur Hexerei verfà ¼hrt worden zu sein. Durch die Drohung, ihn umzubringen, habe diese Gestalt ihn dazu gebracht, Gott zu entsagen. Einige Tage spter sei er bei „glà ¼ck ins teufelsnahmenâ€Å" von der Hexe getauft worden und habe seitdem oft zusammen mit seiner Buhlin und der Hexe nachts zu schwarzen Messen „außfahrenâ€Å" mà ¼ssen. Das Gestndnis nennt nun immer wieder Namen, die Daniel Bittel bei diversen Messe n, die auch datiert und lokalisiert werden, gesehen haben will. Weiter gestand er, dass ihm zu Beginn der Befragung und schon im Kerker der „bà ¶este Feindtâ€Å" (Teufel) erschienen sei und ihm Mut zugesprochen habe. Außerdem habe er, wenn er Hostien zu sich nahm, diese zerkauen und ausspucken mà ¼ssen, was er bei der Kommunion auch getan habe. In seinem zweiten Verhà ¶r am 22. Mai 1629 nannte er weitere Daten und Orte, vor allem jedoch die Namen von Teil-nehmern von „solchen teà ¼flischen Dentzen nchtlicher weilâ€Å", die er dort gesehen haben will. Die wichtigsten Bestandteile des Gestndnisses sind das erzwungene Gestndnis an sich, in dem Daniel Bittel Handlungen zugibt, die den Merkmalen der Hexerei und Teufelspak-tierung entsprechen, wie die Verfà ¼hrung durch den Teufel in Gestalt seiner Schwester, die schwarze Taufe und die schwarzen Messen, und die erzwungene Nennung der Namen anderer angeblicher Hexen und Hexer, wodurch die Behà ¶rden à ¼blicherweise weitere Mit-glieder der vermeintlichen Hexenverschwà ¶rung zu identifizierten. Wie wichtig eine solche Identifikation war, zeigt auch die Tatsache, dass das Protokoll des zweiten Verhà ¶rs fast ausschließlich andere Hexen und Teufelspaktierer festhlt. Es bleibt – wenn ihn keine weiteren Dokumente nennen – zwar der Spekulation à ¼berlassen, was mit Daniel Bittel nach den Verhà ¶ren passiert ist, man kann jedoch davon auszugehen, dass er zum Tode verurteilt und hingerichtet wurde, da er geringstenfalls Inzucht, Hostienschndung und Gotteslste-rung zugegeb en hatte. Reference: bamberga.de/hexenverhoer_daniel_bittl.htm Research Papers on Hexenverfolgung und die „Bußßagâ€Å" Daniel Bittels von 1629Analysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementStandardized TestingHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayLifes What IfsThe Spring and AutumnAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Project Managment Office System

Write the Nonfiction Book Proposal Before Writing the Book

Write the Nonfiction Book Proposal Before Writing the Book I finished a manuscript, set it aside for a month, then read it again. But I never even tried to publish it. Why not? Because as brilliant as it was (well, I thought so and so did my mother), it was doomed because it had no point. The book, overflowing with insightful arguments and powerfully constructed sentences, was like a new pencil whose value lies not in what it is but in what it will do for a buyer. Without a point, neither pencils nor books have much reason to inspire their purchase. I should have considered that before I wrote even one chapter. The commercial value of what we write must not be an afterthought. That is why nonfiction publishers require a book proposal and why you should, too, even when youre the publisher. We write a book proposal to convince our publisher (and ourselves) that this book is a good idea and promises to be a good seller. The details, features, and benefits of the book discovered while writing the proposal will be the core components of your marketing campaign, so it accomplishes two things at one time. Looking at our idea through the lens of reality, the proposal asks and answers three compelling questions. Can this book find a market? Will it appeal to that market? Does it have what it takes to sell? Why a book proposal? 1.          Because we take our time and talent seriously. We cant afford to squander valuable time on a doomed project. We write to make money. Writing something for which there is no market, or for a market that is too small or that will not or cannot pay makes no sense. 2.         To find the angle. It defines how your book differs from other books in the genre. 3.         To establish why we are the best person to write it. We tend to exaggerate or underestimate ourselves. A book proposal establishes and clarifies our qualifications. 4.         To ensure there is a marketable point.   Nonfiction readers only buy solutions, answers, or fulfillment. What problem does my book solve? What question does it answer? What dream does it fulfill? 5.         To think in specific terms. WHAT will I write? WHO will read it? WHAT will it do for those readers? WHERE can they be found online and offline? HOW do I get to them? HOW do I help them find me? HOW do I convince them to buy my book? 6.         To create an action plan. All the data in the world does little good unless it forms into a plan. Publishers demand one, and if you are the publisher, you should demand one, too. Promotion and marketing reach buyers. The plan considers how to find them and how to persuade them. Whats in a book proposal?  ¦    Overview  ¦    Marketing Promotion Plan  ¦    Competing Books  ¦    Authors

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology - Essay Example The selected sample comprised of randomly selected 716 patients from the psychiatric emergency room. They ranged in age from 12 to 95 years and had both male and female patients who were White or Black. All the subjects were either suicidal or had expressed suicidal tendencies. They were categorized into three groups: suicide ideators, suicide attempters and nonsuicidal controls. The procedure of the study was carried out through evaluations and interviews by a clinical social worker, a psychiatric nurse, and a psychiatrist. The diagnosis on the other hand was based on a combination of clinical interviews, medical examinations or laboratory tasks. The gathered information was detailed comprising of demographic information, history of suicide attempts and ideation and history of alcohol abuse, drug abuse and mental illness. The results of the study showed that suicidal patients differed from nonsuicidal patients in many ways however there were a lot of similarities present between sui cide attempters and ideators. The suicide ideators had the severest levels of pathology. The nonsuicidal controls had the highest frequency of previous psychiatric treatment, hospitalization and use of medications.

My Uncle's Addicted To Illegal Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Uncle's Addicted To Illegal Drugs - Essay Example That is the delinquent is not punished for abusing the drug, but for the actions committed whilst under its influence. Since the most controversial drug at the moment is marijuana this paper will limit itself to the examination of this narcotic. The Legalise Cannabis Alliance is a UK based political organization committed to the legalization of marijuana. It seeks to have marijuana and marijuana products removed from the UK Misuse of Drugs Act and that possession, cultivation and use of marijuana or its products should be free from prosecution. It argues that marijuana can be used to produce cost-free fuel through the process of pyrolysis on marijuana biomass. Further, it believes that the prohibition of marijuana infringes Human Rights. â€Å"Prohibition†¦goes beyond the bounds of reason in that it attempts to control man’s appetite through legislation and makes a crime out of things that are not even crimes†¦. A prohibition law strikes a blow at the very principles upon which our Government was founded.† (cited in Legalise Cannabis Alliance manifesto.) However, this is a very high end argument. It is philosophical and many times removed from the misery endured by those who abuse drugs and those who have to take care of drug abusers. It takes no account of the human or financial costs of drug abuse. The case for marijuana however is special. There are many myths about marijuana. According to the Legalise Cannabis Alliance website in 1999 the US Institute of Medicine concluded that marijuana is not addictive, it is not a gateway drug, it is not a dangerous drug and it does have medical uses. Why then is it outlawed? There are people who believe that the ‘war on drugs’ itself is adding to the human and financial costs, and that it would be wiser to stop fighting the war altogether. For example, Legalise Drugs – a pro-legalization, anti-drug organization