Factors That Increase The Probability That A Parent Or...

The Children of Abuse There are various factors that will increase the probability that a parent or caregiver will abuse a child. These factors are associated with the financial state of the family and the status or age of the parent when they became a parent, â€Å"children living with single parents are more likely to live in poverty with fewer social supports, which may contribute to stress and increase risks of maltreatment† (American Psychological Association, 2016), this is also an indicator for perpetrators to skillfully maneuver their caring ways into the child’s life to abuse them. â€Å"Infants and young children are also at risk with parents with strained financial statuses, because they are small and need constant care, and are more likely to experience certain forms of maltreatment such as being shaken by parents or caregivers frustrated or overwhelmed by persistent crying. Teenagers, on the other hand, are at greater risk for sexual abuse† (APA, 2016). Dr. Langberg s tates that 20 to 40 percent of the females, typically beginning at age 6 and 20 percent of males, beginning at the age of 10 who are at risk, will be sexually abused by the age 18 years old (Langberg, 2003). Children in violent homes may be victims of physical or they may be neglected by their parents or caregivers who may be focusing on their partners, which causes an unresponsiveness to the children, ultimately causing forms of neglect. If these children have any physical, emotional or cognitiveShow MoreRelatedResearch Portfolio Assignment : Child Development And Children s Services1502 Words   |  7 PagesPortfolio Assignment is Child Development and Children’s Services. Research under this cluster will address the harmful impacts of child neglect and abuse, as well as the development of intervention strategies to help prevent child maltreatment. Child neglect and abuse bring about long-term impacts on the victim’s physical and mental health that result into hi gh expenditures by governments, health care systems and social welfare institutions. Knowledge obtained from research under Child Development and Children’sRead MoreEffect of Child Abuse in Our Society1405 Words   |  6 Pages EFFECT OF CHILD ABUSE IN OUR SOCIETY INTRODUCTION Child abuse is the physical, sexual, emotional abandonment and/or maltreatment of a child. Child abuse is a latent function of some families that is not intended but happens anyway. Child abuse is often seen differently, depending on various cultures, societies, and groups. We as a society cannot really understand the effect of â€Å"Child Abuse in Our Society† unless we have the grasp knowledge of what child abuse actually is. This paperRead MoreEffects Of Neglect On Child Welfare System1357 Words   |  6 Pageschildren were reported to Child Protective Services (CPS) with concerns of neglect or abuse (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). Out of those four million reports, approximately 563,000 children were found to be victims of substantiated neglect, as reported and inspected by CPS (DePanifilis, 2006). In 2002, 1400 children died as a result of abuse or neglect (Harder, 2005). Cases of neglect occur roughly three times more (75%) than cases of physical a buse alone (18.3%), five timesRead MoreThe Impact Of Health Care On Child Abuse And Neglect1301 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: THE IMPACT OF FOSTERR CARE The Impact of Foster Care Child Abuse and Neglect Center for Child Advocacy Fall 2014 October 21, 2014 Ebony S. Williams Montclair State University The Impact of Foster Care Abstract As an intake (investigation) worker in New Jersey’s child protection agency I always think about the act of placing children in foster care. Placing a child in foster care is one of the tasks under my job description that at times seems roboticRead MoreLegal And Social Acknowledgement Of Corporal Punishment926 Words   |  4 PagesThere are numerous contributory factors to child physical abuse, one of which is a legal and social acknowledgement of corporal punishment supported by cultural norms in several countries. In the name of discipline maintenance, spanking, hitting or beating, as common forms of physical punishment, are generally believed to be effective in behaviour and action management. In the U.S, it is considered acceptable and legitimate to spank or slap a child at the age of 12 (Straus et al., 1980; cited inRead MoreEffects Of Childhood Maltreatment On Children s Development1243 Words   |  5 PagesChildren’s Development â€Å"27% percent, of the 702,000 victims of Childhood Maltreatment, are under the age of Three.† (Child Maltreatment, 2014) The World Health Organization defines child maltreatment as â€Å"abuse and neglect that occurs to children under 18 years of age.† (Child Maltreatment, 2016) -Examples of Child Maltreatment include: physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, negligence and commercial or other exploitation. The maltreatment of children affects many areas areRead MoreEnvironmental Factors Of Juvenile Delinquency988 Words   |  4 PagesDuring a child’s development many environmental factors can affect a child’s behavioral outcome. Knowing this, what environmental factors cause juvenile delinquency? â€Å"Each year, approximately 1.5 million adolescents are arrested in the United States, most are repeat offenders, and, in 2008 one in eight violent crimes was attributed to juveniles† (Leverso, Bielby, Hoelter, 2015, p 1). Understanding the environmental causes of juvenile delinquency allows society to better protect children from becomingRead MoreChild Welfare And The United States Department Of Justice1692 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiences with violence whether primary or secondary, can cause serious psychological trauma to a child and in worst case scenarios death. The 2009 survey by the Department of Justice also found that children exposed to any form of violence were more likely to engage in violence in the future and almost forty percent of these children were exposed to multiple acts of violence ( pg.2). The Bureau for Child Welfare defines four main types of maltreatment as physical, psychological/emotional, sexual andRead MoreHistorical Issues of Drug Abuse and Caregivers531 Words   |  2 PagesHistorical Issues of Drug Abuse and Caregivers Parents or caregivers are faced with many challenges that could limit their ability to provide for their child’s physical and/or emotional needs. Chronic drug use can add to these issues such as, financial resources (employment stability), unstable housing, familial history of abuse, legal problems, problems with physical and mental health conditions, and lack of social support from family and friends due to isolation and drug use behaviors. PhysiologicallyRead MoreChild Sexual Abuse Is A Problem That Affects People Around The Globe Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Child abuse or maltreatment is a problem that affects people around the globe. â€Å"In every country, studies have established a prevalence of abuse far exceeding the scope of the problem that would be inferred from the number of cases that were officially reported† (Finkelhor, 1984). While there are different forms of child abuse or maltreatment which include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and child neglect, sexual abuse is the most common form. The scope of this paper will

John Locke Property Rights - 2067 Words

John Locke: Property Rights Perhaps one of, if not the, most historically influential political thinkers of the western world was John Locke. John Locke, the man who initiated what is now known as British Empiricism, is also considered highly influential in establishing grounds, theoretically at least, for the constitution of the United States of America. The basis for understanding Locke is that he sees all people as having natural God given rights. As Gods creations, this denotes a certain equality, at least in an abstract sense. This religious back drop acts as a the foundation for all of Lockes theories, including his theories of individuality, private property, and the state. The reader will be shown how and why†¦show more content†¦The amount produced by any man should be kept in check by his level of destruction. For example, there is a big difference between the cutting of one or a few trees and the harvesting of an entire forest. Yolton explicates this by stating that, ... specific rights comes in conjunction with this restriction. Since ‘Nothing was made by God for Man to spoil or destroy, the property making function of mans activities ought to be curbed at the point of spoilage. If my acquisition spoils, I offend against the law of nature, since I have, in the beginning, ‘ no Right, further than my use. What is useful and is used has value and the person who uses them a right to them. The same rules are cited for land as for the produce of land. The making of currency as an unspoilable property and medium for exchange seems to have by-passed this limit all together. Inequality becomes rampant and as such an authority is needed to protect a mans property and the social peace. With the advent of money as unspoilable property, certain inequalities amongst men would develop. Those with less start to feel cheated and used. This is very dangerous for those with more, because with these inequalities, comes the danger of theft, or injury to property or body. It is for this reason that people enter into a social contract and appoint a soveriegn. The sovereign has the ability to protect those whose property is in danger, and will do so through the passing and enforcing ofShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And The State Of Nature Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pagesequal and are born with the unalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. These well acknowledged rights originated from the writings of philosopher, John Locke. John Locke lived during the Enlightenment, a period where people explored to establish their natural rights in revolutionary acts. The Second Treatise of Government is one of John Locke’s most renowned pieces in which many of his thoughts of human rights, government and property inspired many revolutionary activists toRead MoreThe Enlightenment Theory Of John Locke1627 Words   |  7 PagesEnlightenment theory philosophies of John Locke offered a future that could drastically change government, economic and social ideals. Thomas Jefferson borrowed liberally from the enlightenment theory from John Locke, specifically focusing on Locks theories of the equality of men, natural rights, and that people should have a say on how the government treated people. Jefferson created a draft document created a bold experiment, America. The enlightenment philosophy of John Locke theorized that that men wereRead MoreA Utopian Society By John Locke1257 Words   |  6 Pagesleads John Locke to create a utopian society, which is a perfect or ideal society. John Locke attempts to create a utopian society in his Second Treatise of Government in the following three ways: his desire for the equality of men and women; his perspective on slavery; and his beliefs on property. John Locke’s attempt to create a utopian society comprises of his desire for the equality of both men and women. In Chapter 6, John Locke discusses the division of power within a household. Locke comesRead MoreBusiness Ethics: John Locke Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Ethics: John Locke Business Ethics Business ethics is defined as â€Å"a specialized study of moral right and wrong that focusses on moral standards as they apply to business institutions, organizations, and behavior† (Velasquez, 2014, p.15). Business ethics is the study of moral standards that focusses primarily on how these standards may apply to social systems and/or organizations. For this paper I will be focusing on one of the great minds of business ethics, John Locke, his ideas andRead MoreJohn Locke And Modern Capitalism1204 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke was a philosopher that didn’t think human thought was based on pure egoistic behavior. Locke believed people were partially altruistic, believing that people respected the rights of others by rational thought capabilities. There is speculation about how John Locke would view the modern idea of American Capitalism and how it would complement or conflict his idea of the social contract. I will argue that John Locke would be against this inter pretation of modern capitalism. There are differentRead MoreJohn Lockes Political Philosophy 752 Words   |  3 Pages John Locke is one of the most influential political philosophers of the modern era. He is a strong-minded empiricist whom expresses radical views about law and order. Locke is a fascinating figure in the history of law and order whose excellence of elucidation and depth of intellectual activity remains extremely influential. His mature political philosophy leant support to the British Whig party and its principles, to the Age of Enlightenment, and to the development of the separation of the StateRead MorePolitical Theory of John Locke Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke: Account of Political Society What would the American government be like today if it was not for the mind and political theory of John Locke? Some historians and philosophers believe that without John Locke our government would only be a shadow of what it is today. Arguably, one of his most important political and philosophical works was his Two Treatises of Government. There he argues that the function of the state is to protect the natural rights of its citizens, primarily toRead MoreAge Of Enlightenment755 Words   |  4 Pagesintellectual thinkers, such as John Locke, which helped shape and influence modern government and politics. John Locke is recognized as the father of classical liberalism, introducing the Two Treatises of Government, Social Contract, and private property, which formed the basis for the constitutions in westernized democratic powers such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom. The Two Treatises of Government became the most influential pieces of work that John Locke had created during theRead MoreJohn Locke s Views On Private Property And Politics1133 Words   |  5 Pagesperspectives regarding private property and politics in society. Although John Locke, Niccolo Machiavelli, and Karl Marx/Frederick Engels are from different times their criticism are crucial onto the world. Being from different eras gives them a unique perspective of how one should rule or govern. Each philosopher displays his own ideas and can seemingly disagree with one another in their methods of government. Therefore when issues of malicious rulers, private property, and politics arise, each philosopherRead MoreJohn Locke s The Second Treatise Of Civil Government977 Words   |  4 Pages1301.040 24 March 2017 John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government In John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government, Locke discusses what the moral state of nature is and rejects the idea of a â€Å"divine right of kings.† John Locke was a product of the best schools in England and had a heavy impact on Western thought through his writings. As a Christ Church graduate, Locke largely discusses in his writings the state of nature, the concept of natural property and retributive punishment

Significance of Effective Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Significance of Effective Decision Making. Answer: Introduction: The theory has focused on highlighting the significance of effective decision-making for the managers within the organizational structure. The theory has highlighted the fact that managers need to review data, exchange information and alternatives evaluation to perform their organizational responsibilities in an appropriate way. Furthermore, the theory has highlighted the approaches that managers need to utilize at the time of utilizing decision-making process in an appropriate way. Decision-making process involves the process through which particular business entities are looking overcome the obstacles to remain competitive in the market. However, it is also necessary for all the executives to develop skills and knowledge to revolutionize the way of utilizing information for the fulfilment of the business objectives. For that reason, it might also help individuals for the development of effective decision-making strategies. The theory have mentioned the fact that decision-making style of the individuals in two fundamental ways including utilization pattern of the information and option creation pattern. The study has mentioned that few individuals mull over reams of information before taking any kind of decision, they are termed as maximizers. These types of individuals always try to develop best possible decision-making strategies for fulfilling all the business objectives in an appropriate manner. On the other hand, Satisficers represent another type of individuals that focus on utilizing key facts for developing hypothesis in an effective way. Moreover, the theory has also highlighted two dimension of information including single focus and multi-focused that individuals utilized at the time to constructing decision-making strategies. In case of single focus individuals, all the efforts are directed towards one particular believe. On the other hand, multi-focused people try to utilize all possible con cepts for creating maximum impact with the decision-making strategies. Furthermore, the theory has highlighted four types of decision-making styles that individuals can utilize to counter the real life challenges effectively. Firstly, the theory has highlighted decisive decision-making style where people utilize very little information at the time of taking any actions. The study has mentioned that decisive style allows people to enhance consistency and efficiency of the decision-making strategies. Decisive people tend to stick to their plans at the critical time that allows subordinates to understand and perform their roles and responsibilities in an appropriate manner. Thus, decisive style allow people to remain loyal, honest and brave at the time of handling complex situation, which is necessary in the present extremely competitive business environment. Secondly, the theory has highlighted flexible decision-making style that many people utilize to adjust with different types of situations. It has been assessed that business environment of most of the sectors are evolving continuously. As a result, it is necessary for the managers to adapt and make necessary changes in the business environment. Thirdly, the theory has mentioned hierarchic style of decision-making for the fulfilment of the business objectives. In this process, people focuses on including perception of senior and junior employees at the time of initiating any decisions. Finally, the study has mentioned integrative decision-making style where people do not look for any single best option. In fact, they tend to develop very broad framework considering multiple elements to ensure organizations can achieve sustainable growth in the market. Thus, it can be mentioned that the study have covered all aspect of decision-making approach that managers utilize to handle business related challenges appropriately. This study focuses on exploring differences between intuition to approaches and expertise that are generally regarded as conflicting, naturalistic decision-making (NDM) and heuristics and biases (HB). The study has highlighted the fact that professional institution can be exceptional or full of flaws. For that reason, the study has made a conscious effort in analyzing actual intuitive skill from biased impressions and overconfident. The NDM approach primarily focuses on the success rate of expert intuition. The study has mentioned the fact that chess masters are often able to analyze the future moves of the opponent rapidly. For that reason, it allows them to take rapid and consistent decisions. In business sector as well, analyzing the moves of the competitors is critical at the time of initiating any decision-making strategy for the organization successfully. The study has mentioned NDM approach is critical in taking any type of rapid decisions successfully. For instance, commander s of a fire fighting company often will have to develop decisions rapid to counter the emergency crisis effectively. On the other hand, HB approach focuses on the sceptical attitude towards the expert judgement and expertise. The study has highlighted the fact that inconsistency is among the prime weaknesses in judging any particular situation. The study has mentioned the fact that Humans often judge individuals based on their perceptions, beliefs and attitudes. As a result, it creates direct impact on the decision-making perspective of the individuals. Moreover, HB approach has highlighted the fact that psychological experiment is another prime issue that can have major impact on the decision-making ability of an individual. For that reason, the study has shown two contrasting style of individuals in analyzing a particular situation for the decision-making perspective. It has been assessed that many people have impressive skills but their analyzing capability of other professional skills is extremely low. As a result, it creates direct impact on the decision-making perspective. Now, HB community f ocuses analyzing the flaws in human cognitive performance. However, the study also has mentioned the fact that HB community are primarily based theoretical perspective. Conversely, NDM community is applicable for the real world organization. NDM community focuses on cognitive task analysis and observation fields to analyze decision-making and judgement under complex conditions. For that reason, it can perform effectively in the real world as well. This study focuses on highlighting the contributions and origins of the naturalistic decision making (NDM) approach. The study has mentioned the fact that NDM community has helped to elaborate the process through which people actually develop their decisions in the real world. Thus, it primarily focuses on identifying optimal way of formulating any decisions. For that reason, the study has evaluated all possible alternatives in a well-structured setting that can be controlled carefully. At the initial stage, NDM researchers have tried to utilize different techniques and approach instead of utilizing conventional models of decision-making. The NDM approach has focused on understanding the kind of strategies people utilize at time of formulating decision-making strategies. The NDM researchers have made it very clear that it is necessary for the people understand the suboptimal factors that instigate people to make tough decisions under different circumstances. The NDM approach has high lighted the factors like uncertainty, limited time, high stakes, unstable conditions and vague goals that can have major impact on the overall decision-making perspective of the individuals. Furthermore, amount of information that are available at the time of determining decisions can also have major impact on the overall decision-making perspective. For that reason, NDM researchers have analyzed people from fields like nuclear power operators, navy commanders, army leaders, pilots, nurses and high-risk engineers to assess the kind of impact the mentioned factors can have on the decision-making perspective. For that reason, the study has mentioned the fact that the concept of NDM has shifted human decision-making concept from domain dependent general approach to knowledge based approach. In fact, the NDM approach has expanded the decision-making process by including factors like recognition of situation and prior stage perception. The increasing demand of NDM research has encouraged the formulation of cognitive task analysis method and cognitive field research. The study has mentioned the fact that these methods have helped to the field of ergonomics and human factors by allowing people to assess cognitive underpinnings of several types of work. The NDM field has also established the fact that proper guidance and training is required for utilizing cognitive skills in an appropriate way. Furthermore, it has emphasized on the effective utilization of tactical decision making under stress (TADMUS) for handling the stress level at the critical situation in an appropriate way. The study has mentioned that cognitive research field has established itself as an effective tool for understanding the insights of the decision-making. For that reason, NDM researchers have emphasizes on the further analysis on the field of macro cognitive functions. The study has mentioned the fact that effective utilization of macro cognit ion can help to evaluate complexity and adaption perspective in an appropriate way, which will take the NDM approach to the next level. In fact, the increasing interest in the macro cognition perspective highlighted the fact that NDM is enhancing the applications on the decision-making perspective that cover all the aspects in an appropriate way. The study has highlighted the fact that organizations and their leadership styles are changing continuously for the past few decades. It has mentioned the fact that before the emergence of telegraph or railroad, there has been no need for the professionals managers. However, with the introduction of advanced technologies and huge size businesses, it has become necessary to utilize all leadership or managerial skills of professional managers. Specifically, as the businesses are looking to overcome the challenges of geographical boundaries, organizational reforming has become extremely popular. As a result, different types of managerial upgradation has been done by the managers to develop such business structure that can able to counter all possible challenges in an appropriate way. For that reason, framing or development of mental maps has become crucial for the organizations. The study has highlighted four frames that organizations can utilize to handle the challenges of changing bus iness environment. The four frames include factories, families, jungle and temple carnival, which can have major impact on the business enhancement perspective. Moreover, the study also has included multi-frame thinking perspectives that modern time managers will have to utilize to formulate strategies for countering any challenges in an appropriate way. The four-frame model highlighted the fact that managers need to handle political, structural, human resource and symbolic challenges in an appropriate way. To counter the political challenges, managers need to formulate strategies to handle different external pressure as well as will have to formulate strategies for handling the internal conflicts and politics of the organization in an appropriate way. The study has mentioned that effective utilization of multi frame technique can help management to formulate proper short-term and long-term plan effectively. It has mentioned that multi-frame approach requires more than just mechanical approach to conduct all the activities related to business. In fact, it is extremely helpful for the managers to counter the business dilemmas in an appropriate way. It emphasizes the fact that managers need to be flexible, artistic, creative and interpretive to formulate decisions in an effective manner. It has also mentioned that the job of the manage rs will become more difficult continuously due to the nature of the businesses. As a result, it will be very difficult for the managers to utilize oversimplified approach for conducting all the requirements in an appropriate way. For that reason, the study has emphasizes on the fact that managers need to have intuitive capacity to utilize their skills and knowledge in an effective manner. The study has also mentioned the fact that effective utilization of multi-frame approach can help managers to increase the level of quality in the decision-making approach. As a result, it will create direct impact on the performance level of the employees, as they do not have to face challenges associated with their roles and responsibilities in the organization. The study has mentioned that effective utilization of the mentioned framework can actually help to become the most successful managers or not. However, it has mentioned that effective utilization of all the frameworks will help to increas e the level of knowledge and skills in an appropriate way. The study has highlighted the fact that typology of leadership can be divided into six metaphoric. Now, the types of metaphors are divided on the basis of the process through which people tend to develop beliefs, values and feelings about a leader. For that reason, the study analyzed different academic theories discussed in media reports and business publications based on the interview of any successful leaders. The study has mentioned that leadership is an increasingly fuzzy or ambiguous concept, which is even more complicated by profusion of theories and definition. The study has mentioned the metaphors that have emerged are not limited to prescriptive or positivist theories. In fact, metaphor allows a more careful stance emerge as descriptive form of leadership. The study has focused on evaluating different style of leadership including leaders as saints, leaders as gardeners, leaders as buddies, leaders as cyborgs and leaders as bullies to analyze all the metaphors in an appropri ate manner. Asymmetric leader follower association exposed dependency based on relationship. The situations and possesses that influence leadership dynamics are discussed in an in-depth way. The study has focuses on highlighting the mismatch of expectations and interpretations associated within the domain of leadership. Moreover, the study also highlighted the fact that leadership represents a complex social construction, which is highly contextual based on the academic literatures. The perceptions and imagery of the leadership metaphor will change based on the goals of the individuals. In fact, the leadership in present business context will have to be utilized in such a way so that it can able to meet the expectations of the organizations in a major way. It highlighted the fact that based on the performances of the management the workplace environment is determined. In fact, the study has highlighted the fact that manager4s or leaders play a great role in maintaining stability of the workplace . For that reason, the study has emphasized on the process through which metaphors may be understood and communicated by the leaders to handle all the business challenges in an appropriate manner. The study has helped to capture in-depth information about the leadership perspective. It mentioned the fact that different roles that leaders have to play within the organizational structure are dependent on context. For instance, crisis situation may influence leader metaphor to emerge from chaos. It has also mentioned that gardener leadership theory perfectly represents the day-to-day leadership approach. However, it has also highlighted the fact certain situations can actually influence a gardener leader to utilize attributes of the bully leader. On the other hand, the study has also mentioned that cyborg leadership are very common in the present business situations, as it look for improved productivity, performance excellence, increased profit, etc. Thus, the study has transcends all the barriers associated with the management perspective and social science in the real world. References: Alvesson, M., Spicer, A. (Eds.). (2010). Metaphors we lead by: Understanding leadership in the real world. Routledge. Bolman, L. G., Deal, T. E. (2003). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Brousseau, K. R., Driver, M. J., Hourihan, G., Larsson, R. (2006). The seasoned executive's decision-making style. Harvard business review, 84(2), 110. Klein, G.A., 2003. Intuition at work: Why developing your gut instincts will make you better at what you do. Currency Doubleday. Zsambok, C. E., Klein, G. (2014). Naturalistic decision making. Psychology Press.

Diffusion of Osmosis free essay sample

Diffusion Experiment: Osmosis in Sucrose Solutions Abstract We used dialysis tubing to simulate a semi-permeable membrane. Since molecules diffuse from their higher concentration to their lower concentration, water will move across the membrane in response to this concentration. While conducting this lab we were able to observe passive transport through diffusion and osmosis. IntroductionOsmosis is a specialized case of diffusion that involves the passive transport of water. When osmosis occurs water moves through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of its higher concentration to a region of its lower concentration. The membrane selectively allows passage of certain types of molecules while restricting the movement of others. This experiment is a great way to demonstrate the process of osmosis and to show evidence of osmosis occurring over time. We simulated a semi-permeable membrane by using dialysis tubing, which allows small molecules such as water to pass through, but does not allow larger molecules such sucrose to cross. We will write a custom essay sample on Diffusion of Osmosis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To see if osmosis will occur when there is an imbalance of concentrations on opposite sides of the membrane, we filled the dialysis tubing with various concentrations of sucrose. Our hypothesis was that with a water concentration gradient across the membrane, osmosis will occur. If water crosses into the tubing, the tubing will can weight over time. If the concentration leaves the bag, the bag will lose weight over time, also indicating that osmosis has occurred. As we went through the experiment the weight of the dialysis tubing changed or increased. We predicted that the weight change will be greater with the steeper concentration gradient. Materials and Procedure

Essay 3 Essays - Drug Control Law, Psychoactive Drugs, Articles

Matt Screws Anderson English 1101 3/31/19 The War on Drugs is a Failure The war on drug s in the United States has been continuing for almost 50 years and has had a profound effect on many groups of people . President Richard Nixon's declaration of a "war on drugs" a war that has cost roughly a trillion dollars, has produced little to no effect on the supply of or demand for drugs in the United States, has contributed to making America the world's largest incarcerator , and has eroded the civil liberties and rights of American people . Now there has probably never been a drug free society. Virtually every society has ingested psychoactive substances to deal with pain, increase energy, and even commune with God. Our want to adjust our state of awareness might be as basic as our craving for nourishment, friendship, and sex. The reasons drugs are made legal and others not has almost zero to do with science or health and almost everything to do with who uses and who is perceived to use a particular substance. For instance, in the 19 th century the main users of opiates in this country were middle aged white women who would use these medications to alleviate aches and pains when few other remedies of this kind were available. There was no thought of criminalizing them back then because no one wanted to throw grandma in jail. However, the feelings about opiates changed dramatically whenever Chinese people showed up to work on the railroads and in the mines. They justified their prohibition laws by demonizing the drug and leading people to believe that these Chinese immigrants were trying to transform their white women into drug addicted sex slaves. The first cocaine prohibition laws were similar but instead target toward black men who they were afraid would use this drug and forget his p roper place in southern society. Marijuana followed sui t and was made illegal by all the fears associated with Mexican migrants use of the drug. In the Ted Talk "Why we need to end the W ar on D rugs " Ethan Nadelmann said, " If the principal smokers of cocaine were affluent older white men and the principal consumers of Viagra were poor young black men, then smokable cocaine would be easy to get with a prescription from your doctor and selling Viagra would get you five to 10 years behind bars " . The real enemies of the war on drugs are not the drugs themselves but communities which use these drugs . Th e drugs are just the convenient excuse to target these groups. The Nixon White House had two enemies which were the antiwar left and blacks. They realized there wasn't a way to make it illegal to be against the war or black so they would just criminalize drugs which were present in the communities. Once they were able to get society to associate certain drugs with different groups, they were able to disrupt the communities by raiding their homes and locking up their leaders all while lying about the effects of these drugs. Through the late 80s and into the 90s we began to see incarceration rates skyrocket from just 50,000 in 1980 to over 400,000 by 1997 thanks to Reagans unprecedented expansion of the drug war . Today the war is still being waged and the same groups are still being targeted. The markets for marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine are global commodities markets just like the global markets in alcohol, tobacco, coffee, and su gar. Where there is a demand there will be a supply . Knock it out an another one is certain to emerge. People tend to think of prohibition as the ultimate form of regulation when in fact it represents the absence of regulation with criminals filling the void. Putting criminal laws and po lice front and center in trying to control a dynamic global commodities market is a recipe for disaster. Started first as means to target specific racial groups and people left of center the war on drugs has been successful in what it was designed to do yet it failed to stem addiction .

Free Essays on Hilter

One reason the people of Germany accepted Hitler’s orders willingly and without question was beause it was what they wanted to hear. At the time the depression set in they were looking for a scapegoat for all of their problems, and Hitler gave it to them in the form of the Jew’s, gypsies, and other minorities. He blamed all the economic and social troubles on these groups, even going so far as to say that they caused Germany to lose the first world war. Another reason they let themselves be so easily persuaded by Hitler was because his policy of aggression and rearmament created the jobs he needed to fuel Germany’s growing war machine. With his gaining of chancellorship and then the death of von Hindinberg, he was in total control, and the people were at the mercy of his will. They thought that as long as they were doing well, what does it matter if a few others are tortured in the process? Another factor that helped Hitler gain control of the people was the hars hness that the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany. The German people so resented it that when Hitler offered them a way out of it, they followed him blindly, not aware or not caring of the consequences. They must have felt pretty stupid the the â€Å"thousand year reign† of Hitler’s Germany lasted only 12 short years.... Free Essays on Hilter Free Essays on Hilter One reason the people of Germany accepted Hitler’s orders willingly and without question was beause it was what they wanted to hear. At the time the depression set in they were looking for a scapegoat for all of their problems, and Hitler gave it to them in the form of the Jew’s, gypsies, and other minorities. He blamed all the economic and social troubles on these groups, even going so far as to say that they caused Germany to lose the first world war. Another reason they let themselves be so easily persuaded by Hitler was because his policy of aggression and rearmament created the jobs he needed to fuel Germany’s growing war machine. With his gaining of chancellorship and then the death of von Hindinberg, he was in total control, and the people were at the mercy of his will. They thought that as long as they were doing well, what does it matter if a few others are tortured in the process? Another factor that helped Hitler gain control of the people was the hars hness that the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany. The German people so resented it that when Hitler offered them a way out of it, they followed him blindly, not aware or not caring of the consequences. They must have felt pretty stupid the the â€Å"thousand year reign† of Hitler’s Germany lasted only 12 short years....

JOHM'S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

JOHM'S - Essay Example This created a panic among not only individuals but also the engineers because of excessive volatility. Accordingly, the bridge was closed temporarily from June 12, 2000. (The Millennium Bridge, 2011) After investigation, it was discovered that the main reason for the swing bridge is not weakness, but people walking style. This phenomenon was known as the synchronous lateral excitationse. This meant that the natural way of walking caused by human lateral oscillations cause the bridge to swing sideways. (London Landmarks, 2011) Research and experiments led to the suggestion of introducing damping mechanisms to absorb the pressure or the vibration of people walking. Depreciation is not only beneficial to absorb pressure and oscillation, but it is not visible. This is due to damping mechanisms are mainly in the bottom of the structure. Therefore, the issue has been addressed effectively and was a signal for future structures. (Millenium Bridge,

The Value of ACH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Value of ACH - Essay Example ACH allows analysts to disapprove a hypothesis rather than jumping into mere conclusions.1 ACH is an essential tool to all analysts. It is so because of the various strengths that it displays. Audit trial and overcoming cognitive biases are among the strengths of this tool. In audit trial, by listing of the evidence, weighing its importance and relevance illustrates the importance of ACH. Also by applying it to the available hypothesis in the matrix clearly illustrates the ACH analytic process and this creates a clear and apparent evidence trial. This helps us to explain all our findings to the decision makers and conduct some after- action reviews of our analysis to discover what went wrong or right. In overcoming the cognitive biases, ACH helps us face the alternative hypothesis in a more systematic way. Disapproving hypothesis offers more effective ways of avoiding the established roadblocks and showing how dependent analysts may be on a single piece of available evidence which may eventually lead to ongbad and weak decision making.2 However, it has some unavoidable weaknesses and limitations. ACH tends to be solely dependent on the validity of the evidence available and also it is sometimes time-consuming. On its dependence on the evidence validity, ACH analytic process is only as good as the type of evidence that is incorporated into the process. The most thoughtful process execution can sometimes be undermined in cases of disinformation and unreliable evidence. While this is an issue with all systematic strategies and is, subsequently, a feeble feedback of the strategy, it frequently calls into inquiry the apparently "investigative" after-effects of the ACH technique. Performing ACH manually tends to be arduous and long especially in cases of several hypothesis or a broad source of evidence. Analysts tend to argue that they lack enough time to

SHORT BIOGRAPHY HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SHORT BIOGRAPHY HISTORY - Essay Example Furthermore, living near the borders must have accentuated his â€Å"difference† from the dominant white class. Nevertheless, it could be that because of his difference that he enjoyed life from another perspective. In â€Å"The Secret Lion,† Rà ­os shows that human nature and nature nurtured his intellectual, social, and emotional development as a biracial adolescent. Human nature’s tendency to seek for freedom and opportunity dominated Rà ­os’ teenage life. When he and his friend Sergio found a â€Å"cannonball,† they called it a â€Å"lion† (Rà ­os par. 1). The title says it is a secret lion, because they told no one of this â€Å"treasure† that they found. This lion represents freedom and opportunities. It allowed Alberto and Sergio the freedom to own something no one can take away from them. Being twelve years old, they know that adults will only confiscate their discovery. Rà ­os says: â€Å"That’s the way it works with little kids†¦Junior high kids too† (6). Adults are shown as thieves of innocent happiness. It is up to Alberto to use his human nature to protect what he thinks is his. So they take this cannon ball and hide it and never tell anyone about it, especially adults. The â€Å"lion† also stands for something mystically strong and perfect. Having this ball in their poss ession gives them the opportunity to feel something â€Å"perfect† in their lives. It is round and therefore â€Å"perfect and it spreads perfection to its beholders (5). It is â€Å"heavy† and they feel its importance. If they have something important, then they too are important. They do not have to feel smaller, as some minorities do in dominant white cultures. They can be round and perfect; they can be special like this lion. When Alberto says that this ball changed them, he implies that it made them â€Å"roar† (1). They have found a symbol of empowerment. A cannon ball explodes. It has inert power that is waiting to be released. Alberto must have felt this lion is him

Death of a Salesman Analysis

Death of a Salesman Analysis The End OF American Dream Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller, tells the story of Willy Loman, a salesman who reflects on the frustrations and failures of his life, which are due to his beliefs in the American dream and the experience. The general idea behind the American Dream is that people are capable of succeeding. Success requires one to work hard and to be dedicated to both their professional and family lives. People often misconstrue the concept behind the dream in thinking that wealth defines success. Failing to acknowledge the importance of hard work in achieving the American Dream is another aspect of this misconception. Willys quest for the American Dream eventually ends in failure, as he is one who has continuously been chasing the illusion, as opposed to the reality of it. His perfectionist attitude toward his dream, his obsession with success, and his constant reminiscence to the past that contribute to his defeat in the end. By ignoring the present, Willy fails to deal with reality. He has a tendency of living in the past and thinking of the future. He always thinks that if he had done something differently than this could have happened, or things will get better as time passes. His habit of distorting the past, never allows Willy to realize what is going on right then and there in the present. At one time, when Willy goes off down memory lane, he says to Biff and Happy, America is full of beautiful towns and fine, upstanding people. And they know me, boys the finest people therell be open sesame for all of us, cause one thing boys: I have friends. I can park my car in any street and the cops protect it like their own. Willy makes this distortion of the past in order to make he believe that he has achieved the American Dream. At times when doing this was not possible, Willy looks to the future and thinks he can still achieve it then. For instance, he has this dream of having a big, spectacular funeral. I n the end when Willy dies, at his funeral, Linda says, Why didnt anybody come Where are all the people he knew? . All his life, he holds on to this fantasy, but he never faces the reality of how he could have made it come true. It is his vision of the people of the past that lead Willy to follow a particular path, leading to his demise in the end. By disregarding the present, Willy fails to manage reality. He has an inclination of living in the past and thinking of the future. He generally believes that in the event that he had accomplished something uniquely in contrast to this could have happened, or things will show signs of improvement over the long haul. His propensity for twisting the past, never permits Willy to acknowledge what is going on at that moment in the present. At one time, when Willy goes off through a world of fond memories, he says to Biff and Happy, America is loaded with wonderful towns and fine, upstanding individuals. Whats more, they know me, young men the finest individuals therell be open sesame for every one of us, cause one thing young men: I have companions. I can stop my auto in any road and the cops ensure it like their own. Willy makes this bending of the past keeping in mind the end goal to make he trust that he has accomplished the American Dream. Now and again while doing this was impractica l, Willy looks to the future and supposes he can even now accomplish it then. For example, he has this fantasy of having a major, fantastic burial service. At last when Willy bites the dust, at his memorial service, Linda says, Why didnt anyone come Where are every one of the general population he knew? . All his life, he clutches this dream, however he never confronts the truth of how he could have made it work out. It is his vision of the general population of the past that lead Willy to take after a specific way, prompting to his destruction at last. The success attained by Willys role models, Dave Singleman, and Ben, is what he envisions to be the American Dream. He only visualizes the end product, being successful, and not the process they may have gone through to achieve that success. Willys father sold flutes and made that his living. In an encounter with his thoughts of the past, Willy listens to Ben, his brother, who refers to Dave Singleman by saying, Great Inventor, Father. With one gadget he made more in a week than a man like you could make in a lifetime. Willy assumes that by being a salesman, like Dave Singleman is that he will automatically be guaranteed success, and that it was not something that he would have to work for. Material success, such as money, luxury, and wealth, and popularity are his goals and his definition of success. On the other hand, self-fulfilment and happiness through hard work is not. By only focusing on the outer appearance of the American Dream, Willy ignores the reality of the hard work and dedication required to obtain it. His constant preoccupation with being successful, being well-liked, and attaining that Dream with the perfect job, the perfect family, and the perfect life, never leaves his mind. The unattainable part of Willys notion of the American Dream is perfection. This illusion shadows Willy as it takes him through his life. He has this set picture in his mind of how everything should be: a good job, a high paying salary, a wonderful family with smart kids and a perfect housewife, being well-liked, being happy, and having no problems at all. Because Willy has this perception of how life should be, any entity that does not fit his viewpoint turns out as this huge ordeal. This obsession of perfection is a reason for why, in reality, he did not have a happy family. By trying to make his family fit the image of the American Dream, he actually caused their unhappiness. Failing at this attempt of perfecting his family is just one example of Willys many mistakes. Due to the fact that he is a so-called perfectionist, accomplishment is never evident to Willy. Once he reaches any goal, he never sees the good in it; instead he only sees what he could have done better. Perfection is just a figment of the imagination, an elusive illusion, just as the American Dream is in Willys mind. Willy Loman portrays a common man, who lives a life that is purely an illusion. Although Willy has good intentions, his tragic flaw is that he focuses only on the appearance of the American Dream and never on the reality, the work ethic, or how to achieve it. Willy brings about his own downfall, his defeat, because he tries to pursue this superficial idea. Miller includes this theme of the American Dream in his social criticism in an attempt to portray the deviation in the values of society. For instance, materialism and technological advances, causes the American Dream to change as times changes. The salesman is a position that has declining importance at the time. He shows that an individuals values are based on what society has established. Yet, as society changes, the values one has may not, causing conflict between the society and the individual

Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death Essay examples -- Mas

Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death      Ã‚   After reading Edgar Allan Poe's "The Masque of Red Death" (317-22), the reader can only conclude that death is the theme once again in another thrilling horror tale. Other critics such as Patricia H. Wheat, view this tale as a battle between life and death (51-56). Yet, Leonard Cassuto brings an interesting theory to this tale--"According to the narrator's own account, no one survives the Red Death. The only one who(lives) is Death. The narrator must be death himself" (317-20). Reflecting back to the various critical analogies on tone, character, and allegory on "The Masque of Red Death" a certain aspect of this work has yet to be defined. The plague that devastated a whole countryside could only be described. Could it be that Poe uses this fiction to chronicle his own encounters with death in his own life? To better understand this viewpoint a short summary is incorporated:    " The Red Death had long devastated the country. No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous. Blood was its Avatar and it's seal-the redness and the horror of blood. There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness, and then profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution. The scarlet stains upon the body and especially upon the face of the victim was the pest ban, which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of his fellow men. And the whole seizure, progress, and termination of the disease were the incidents of half an hour" (Poe 317-22).    In this passage Poe describes a plague that death uses to take its victims. The horrific manner in which the disease appears -- bleeding at the pores, sharp pains, and seizures--can be related back to episodes in... ...Tales of Mystery and Imagination Norwalk: Heritage P.,1969. 317-322. Starret, Vincent. "Tales of Mystery and Imagination." Norwalk: Heritage P., 1969. Intro. Wheat, Patricia H. " The Masque of Indifference in The Masque of Red Death". Stud Short Fiction, 19(1982), 51-56.    Works Consulted Alton, Laura. "Masque of Red Allegory." 30 Oct.,1999. <http://www.neo.Irun.com/12stark/12smith/Netpages/Masque/alton.htm>. Bell, H.H. " The Masque of Red Death An Interpretation." South Atlantic Bulletin. 38 (Nov. 1973) 101-105. Dudley, Leonard. " The Coy Reaper: Unmasque-ing the Red Death". Stud Short Fiction. 30 (1993), 169-73. Silk, Richard D. "Poe's The Masque of Red Death". Explicator, 47(1989) 24-26. Womack, Martha. "Edgar Allan Poe's The Masque of Red Death." 28 Oct. 1999. <http://www.poedecoder.com/essays/masque/>.    Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death Essay examples -- Mas Encounters with Death in The Masque of Red Death      Ã‚   After reading Edgar Allan Poe's "The Masque of Red Death" (317-22), the reader can only conclude that death is the theme once again in another thrilling horror tale. Other critics such as Patricia H. Wheat, view this tale as a battle between life and death (51-56). Yet, Leonard Cassuto brings an interesting theory to this tale--"According to the narrator's own account, no one survives the Red Death. The only one who(lives) is Death. The narrator must be death himself" (317-20). Reflecting back to the various critical analogies on tone, character, and allegory on "The Masque of Red Death" a certain aspect of this work has yet to be defined. The plague that devastated a whole countryside could only be described. Could it be that Poe uses this fiction to chronicle his own encounters with death in his own life? To better understand this viewpoint a short summary is incorporated:    " The Red Death had long devastated the country. No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous. Blood was its Avatar and it's seal-the redness and the horror of blood. There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness, and then profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution. The scarlet stains upon the body and especially upon the face of the victim was the pest ban, which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of his fellow men. And the whole seizure, progress, and termination of the disease were the incidents of half an hour" (Poe 317-22).    In this passage Poe describes a plague that death uses to take its victims. The horrific manner in which the disease appears -- bleeding at the pores, sharp pains, and seizures--can be related back to episodes in... ...Tales of Mystery and Imagination Norwalk: Heritage P.,1969. 317-322. Starret, Vincent. "Tales of Mystery and Imagination." Norwalk: Heritage P., 1969. Intro. Wheat, Patricia H. " The Masque of Indifference in The Masque of Red Death". Stud Short Fiction, 19(1982), 51-56.    Works Consulted Alton, Laura. "Masque of Red Allegory." 30 Oct.,1999. <http://www.neo.Irun.com/12stark/12smith/Netpages/Masque/alton.htm>. Bell, H.H. " The Masque of Red Death An Interpretation." South Atlantic Bulletin. 38 (Nov. 1973) 101-105. Dudley, Leonard. " The Coy Reaper: Unmasque-ing the Red Death". Stud Short Fiction. 30 (1993), 169-73. Silk, Richard D. "Poe's The Masque of Red Death". Explicator, 47(1989) 24-26. Womack, Martha. "Edgar Allan Poe's The Masque of Red Death." 28 Oct. 1999. <http://www.poedecoder.com/essays/masque/>.   

Rkot1 Oraganizational Systems and Quality Leadership

RKOT 1 Organizational Systems and Quality Leadership Western Governor’s University Leadership Strategies Leadership is, first and foremost, a stance—an attitude. A leader faces the problem and says what we can do to address it. Leaders take responsibility for problems. (L 101: So You Want to Be a Leader in Health Care ) Two strategies a nurse might use as an informal leader on an interdisciplinary team are form a clearer picture of the real situation and start looking for ideas of how to solve the problem. L 101: So You Want to Be a Leader in Health Care ) As a nurse on an interdisciplinary team you could start by gathering information regarding the situation to form a clearer picture. Often time’s members of the team only look at what is affecting their individual work flow. As a leader a nurse should put the patient at the center of the picture and investigate how the roles of the individual team members affect the patient as a whole. People often look only at how a situation will affect them and their workflow and do not look at the situation as a whole.Instead of just complaining about a situation the can take a leadership role by gathering information from all members of the team and piecing this information together as to form a clearer picture of the situation. To become an effective leader the nurse must not only gather the information to form a clearer picture but also work with the team to look for and offer ideas to solve the problem. As a leader, a nurse would not just join in on the complaining.Once the information is gathered and the problem is clearly identified; to be a true leader, the nurse would look for creative solutions possibly initiating changes in workflow to alleviate the problem. A leader goes the extra step to implement change. Active Involvement Two ways a nurse can take an active, contributing role within the interdisciplinary team are identifying quality issues or concerns and ensuring there is open active com munication between members of the team as well as the patient.As a nurse you should be a strong patient advocate. During interdisciplinary rounds you should bring up concerns that may affect patient care. If there is uncertainty regarding the scheduled treatments or procedures and timing of those interventions the nurse should advocate for the patient in order for the patient to receive the best possible care. Nurses must ensure patient safety by asking questions if they are no sure as to whether the right procedure or treatment is being ordered or carried out.It is the nurse’s job, while overseeing the care of the patient, to report any unsafe or potentially unsafe acts in order to advocate for the patient and develop best practices. As an advocate for the patient you should also speak up if the patient has unmet needs such as inadequate pain control or if timing of procedures prevents patients from obtaining uninterrupted sleep. The nurse can also take an active role in the interdisciplinary team by ensuring there is open two way communication between members of the treatment team and also the patient.Patients are generally more compliant with treatment plans when they have active participation in the development of the treatment plan. An example of open communication and team work make be the nurse coordinating with therapy in order to ensure the patient is medicated prior to undergoing therapy in order to increase participation by the patient and therefore allowing the patient to become more engaged in their treatment secession. Teams work more efficiently when they have open communication.The nurse can lead the team by ensuring that all members communicate and are on the same patient in regards to patient’s care plan and goals. By ensuring the lines of communication or kept open and aligning workflow the ultimate winner is the patient due to better coordination of care. Culture of Safety Psychological safety, active leadership, transparency and fairness are four characteristics used to create a culture of safety. (PS106 Introduction to the Culture of Safety) There are many ways that you can promote a culture on safety in your workplace.When someone initially starts a position they are often assigned a buddy or preceptor. In order to create a culture of psychological safety people need to know they can speak up without being judged. One organization has taken steps to stand up to doctor’s if they are being derogatory to nurses or other staff. The nurses can actually call a code in which people stop their work follow and physically stand behind the nurse if she feels she is being spoken to in an inappropriate or unprofessional manner. Spirit on the spot is another example of creating an environment of psychological safety.By enabling anyone to report when someone is caught doing something right such as stopping to give directions to a visitor when someone appears lost it creates a positive environment to work. Act ive Leadership can be observed in organizations that have open forums in which leaders meet with front line staff and encourage questions regarding workflow or any ideas or suggestions for improvement. Monthly leadership rounding is where leaders walk around on units and stop to speak with the staff asking how their day is going and if there is anything that their leader can do to make a difference in their work environment.This is an excellent example of active leadership. These leaders come to the staff one on one and encourage open discussion. Transparency occurs when there is a system in which when errors are reported or near misses are reported action is taken to investigate the error or near miss and change is initiated that will decrease the likelihood of the error reoccurring. An example of transparency occurred within an organization by the change in national patient safety standards requiring two patient identifiers when working with a patient.To create an environment of f airness an organization needs to act when errors are caused by system errors. Nurses often find system errors when procedures are changed or modified. People too often just thing of how the change will affect their own discipline and not how it will affect patient care or the system as a whole. The staff needs to know that if a change is implemented that creates errors instead of decreasing errors they will be able to speak up and a new course of action will be taken.An example of culture of safety occurred when my hospital first implement EMR’s. The order sets were written where inpatient and observation could both be ordered on a patient at the time of admission. The utilization nurse felt comfortable addressing the issue with her leader and was encouraged to speak with not only her leader but also administration regarding the possible conflict in orders. The nurse was rewarded for speaking up and the organization quickly worked to determine the best way to change the order sets in order to avoid the conflicting orders.The organization then took steps to be transparent by admitting there was an error in the original order sets and doing educational seminars for the admit staff, physicians, nurses and coders regarding the conflict in orders. If there had not been a culture of safety and the nurse had not spoken up the error in orders may have continued for months resulting in incorrect or non payment for the facility and errors in co-pays for the patients. REFERENCES L 101: So You Want to Be a Leader in Health Care . (n. d. ). Retrieved March 8, 2013, from Institute for Healthcare Improvement: http://app. hi. org/lms/lessonpageworkflow. aspx? CatalogGuid=6cb1c614-884b-43ef-9abd-d90849f183d4&CourseGuid=c1164ba8-5af1-438b-8a1f-d409911a4948&LessonGuid=b9a441cc-d2af-4211-8ba8-5359c06a8cb6 PS106 Introduction to the Culture of Safety. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 8, 2013, from Institute for Healthcare Improvement: http://app. ihi. org/lms/lessonpageworkflow. as px? CatalogGuid=6cb1c614-884b-43ef-9abd-d90849f183d4&CourseGuid=789d9cbb-7dd3-4fe9-8df2-e0c63725b350&LessonGuid=4b250d37-cf44-4561-b830-53ed5865c6b8

Hexenverfolgung und die Bußßag Daniel Bittels von 1629

Hexenverfolgung und die Bußßag Daniel Bittels von 1629 Free Online Research Papers Hexenverfolgung und die „Bußßagâ€Å" Daniel Bittels von 1629 Frà ¼he Hexenverurteilungen gab es schon im 13. Jahrhundert mit dem Entstehen der Inqui-sition, die sich jedoch eigentlich gegen Ketzer richtete. Die theologische Akzeptanz der Existenz von Teufel und Dmonen, die sich erst im Verlauf des Mittelalters gebildet hatte, war jedoch schon ausgeprgt. Hexerei per se war aus Sicht der Kirche kein so gravierendes Vergehen wie andere Ketzereien. So wies Papst Alexander IV. 1260 zum Beispiel die In-quisitoren an, Hexen nicht aktiv zu verfolgen und ihre Prozesse bei Zeitmangel zurà ¼ckzu-stellen, da die Bekmpfung der Ketzer im Vordergrund zu stehen hatte. Die europische Hexenverfolgung, die meist von 1450 bis 1750 datiert wird, ereignete sich in grà ¶ÃƒÅ¸erem Umfang erst in der Frà ¼hen Neuzeit und, nicht nur im Bamberger Raum, vor allem zu Zeiten des Dreißigjhrigen Kriegs. Man kà ¶nnte sagen, dass eine Art Hysterie be-zà ¼glich Zauberei entstand, welche auch juristisch aufgegriffen wurde und zu Verdchtigun-gen und Denunziationen fà ¼hrte. Frà ¼hneuzeitlichen Hexentheoretikern zufolge waren die wichtigsten Merkmale einer Hexe der Hexenflug, der Schadenszauber und das Treffen, der Pakt und der Geschlechtsverkehr mit dem Teufel. Frauen galten als besonders leicht vom Teufel zu verfà ¼hren, was dazu fà ¼hrte, dass der Großteil der Opfer von Hexenprozessen Frauen waren. Bis heute findet dies in der stets weiblichen Hexe seinen Ausdruck. Ungeachtet dessen, waren jedoch auch Mnner auf der Anklagebank. Wichtig war vor allem die Verbreitung der Idee einer allge-meinen Verschwà ¶rung der Hexen und des Teufels, die die Existenz der Kirche bedroht und gegen die vorgegangen werden muss. Die neuere Forschung geht davon aus, dass vor allem dieser Aspekt des Ausrottens des Bà ¶sen in der Gesellschaft bei den handelnden Akteuren der Hexenverfolgung im Vordergrund stand. In Bamberg war die Hexenlehre zwar bekannt, wurde jedoch lange nicht angewendet. Nur vereinzelt lassen sich Prozesse finden, in denen konkret ein Bezug des Tters zum Teufel genannt wird. Viele Flle lassen sich jedoch finden, bei denen es sich um simple Verfahren wegen Zauberei handelte und die Strafe auch deutlich geringer ausfiel, als bei „normalenâ€Å" Hexenprozessen. Noch 1625, kurz vor der großen Welle der bamberger Hexenprozesse, lassen sich derart milde Flle finden. Erst so spt – der Hexenhammer ist seit dem ausgeh-enden 15. Jahrhundert bekannt – wurde die theoretische Grundlage in juristische Praxis umgesetzt. Ein Faktor, der in Bamberg zur Hexenverfolgung fà ¼hrte, war die kleine Eiszeit, die die Ernten vernichtete und die Bevà ¶lkerung deswegen nach Sà ¼ndenbà ¶cken, aber auch viele Zuflucht bei Zauberern und Hexen suchen ließ. Ein weiterer, womà ¶glich wichtigerer Faktor ist die hà ¶here Empfindlichkeit der Behà ¶rden gegenà ¼ber Hexerei durch die aufkom-mende Zielsetzung, „eine nach Gottes Geboten lebende Gesellschaft zu schaffenâ€Å", wie Dippold es umschreibt. Hexenprozesse fanden in Bamberg massenweise ab1626 statt. Schon in den ersten drei Jahren gab es rund 600 Opfer von Hexenprozessen. Meist unter Folter zwang man den Angeklagten ein Gestndnis ab, worin sie schilderten wie sie vom Teufel verfà ¼hrt worden waren und außerdem die Namen anderer Hexen zu nennen hatten, da diese sich ja der Lehre nach zum Hexensabbat zusammenfanden. Oft wurden à ¼ber so im Gestndnis genannte Personen Dossiers angelegt und Nachforschungen angestellt. Mehr-malige Nennung bei derartigen Verhà ¶ren konnte selbst fà ¼r angesehene Persà ¶nlichkeiten einen eigenen Prozess mit Gefangenschaft und Folter bedeuten. Der Verdacht auf Hexerei war ein besonderer. Verteidiger wurden nicht zugelassen und Rechte des Angeklagten aus-ser Kraft gesetzt. Oft reichten wage Indizien, um mit der Folter zu beginnen. Erst mit den nahenden s chwedischen Truppen, die die Stadt 1632 eroberten, endete die Hexenverfol-gung. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist nun der vorliegende Text eines Gestndnisses von 1629 zu betrachten. Der Prozess geschah wohl auch hier im Gegensatz zur Inquisition vor einem weltlichen Gericht und vermutlich aufgrund von Denunziationen und Nennung in anderen Gestndnissen. Daniel Bittel, ein 14 Jahre alter Junge aus Bamberg, wurde am 11. und nochmals am 22. Mai 1629 wegen des Vorwurfs der Hexerei befragt und gefoltert. Nach der Folter durch den Daumenstock gestand er, ein Trudner (Hexer, Teufelsbà ¼ndner) und großer Sà ¼nder zu sein sowie seine achtjhrige Schwester begehrt zu haben. Daraufhin wurde er durch Beinschrau-ben gefoltert und gestand schließlich, durch seine Schwester, mit welcher er den Inzest vollzogen und diese sich danach in eine „heßliche gestalltâ€Å" mit Drachenkà ¶rper verwandelt habe, zur Hexerei verfà ¼hrt worden zu sein. Durch die Drohung, ihn umzubringen, habe diese Gestalt ihn dazu gebracht, Gott zu entsagen. Einige Tage spter sei er bei „glà ¼ck ins teufelsnahmenâ€Å" von der Hexe getauft worden und habe seitdem oft zusammen mit seiner Buhlin und der Hexe nachts zu schwarzen Messen „außfahrenâ€Å" mà ¼ssen. Das Gestndnis nennt nun immer wieder Namen, die Daniel Bittel bei diversen Messe n, die auch datiert und lokalisiert werden, gesehen haben will. Weiter gestand er, dass ihm zu Beginn der Befragung und schon im Kerker der „bà ¶este Feindtâ€Å" (Teufel) erschienen sei und ihm Mut zugesprochen habe. Außerdem habe er, wenn er Hostien zu sich nahm, diese zerkauen und ausspucken mà ¼ssen, was er bei der Kommunion auch getan habe. In seinem zweiten Verhà ¶r am 22. Mai 1629 nannte er weitere Daten und Orte, vor allem jedoch die Namen von Teil-nehmern von „solchen teà ¼flischen Dentzen nchtlicher weilâ€Å", die er dort gesehen haben will. Die wichtigsten Bestandteile des Gestndnisses sind das erzwungene Gestndnis an sich, in dem Daniel Bittel Handlungen zugibt, die den Merkmalen der Hexerei und Teufelspak-tierung entsprechen, wie die Verfà ¼hrung durch den Teufel in Gestalt seiner Schwester, die schwarze Taufe und die schwarzen Messen, und die erzwungene Nennung der Namen anderer angeblicher Hexen und Hexer, wodurch die Behà ¶rden à ¼blicherweise weitere Mit-glieder der vermeintlichen Hexenverschwà ¶rung zu identifizierten. Wie wichtig eine solche Identifikation war, zeigt auch die Tatsache, dass das Protokoll des zweiten Verhà ¶rs fast ausschließlich andere Hexen und Teufelspaktierer festhlt. Es bleibt – wenn ihn keine weiteren Dokumente nennen – zwar der Spekulation à ¼berlassen, was mit Daniel Bittel nach den Verhà ¶ren passiert ist, man kann jedoch davon auszugehen, dass er zum Tode verurteilt und hingerichtet wurde, da er geringstenfalls Inzucht, Hostienschndung und Gotteslste-rung zugegeb en hatte. Reference: bamberga.de/hexenverhoer_daniel_bittl.htm Research Papers on Hexenverfolgung und die „Bußßagâ€Å" Daniel Bittels von 1629Analysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementStandardized TestingHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayLifes What IfsThe Spring and AutumnAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Project Managment Office System

Write the Nonfiction Book Proposal Before Writing the Book

Write the Nonfiction Book Proposal Before Writing the Book I finished a manuscript, set it aside for a month, then read it again. But I never even tried to publish it. Why not? Because as brilliant as it was (well, I thought so and so did my mother), it was doomed because it had no point. The book, overflowing with insightful arguments and powerfully constructed sentences, was like a new pencil whose value lies not in what it is but in what it will do for a buyer. Without a point, neither pencils nor books have much reason to inspire their purchase. I should have considered that before I wrote even one chapter. The commercial value of what we write must not be an afterthought. That is why nonfiction publishers require a book proposal and why you should, too, even when youre the publisher. We write a book proposal to convince our publisher (and ourselves) that this book is a good idea and promises to be a good seller. The details, features, and benefits of the book discovered while writing the proposal will be the core components of your marketing campaign, so it accomplishes two things at one time. Looking at our idea through the lens of reality, the proposal asks and answers three compelling questions. Can this book find a market? Will it appeal to that market? Does it have what it takes to sell? Why a book proposal? 1.          Because we take our time and talent seriously. We cant afford to squander valuable time on a doomed project. We write to make money. Writing something for which there is no market, or for a market that is too small or that will not or cannot pay makes no sense. 2.         To find the angle. It defines how your book differs from other books in the genre. 3.         To establish why we are the best person to write it. We tend to exaggerate or underestimate ourselves. A book proposal establishes and clarifies our qualifications. 4.         To ensure there is a marketable point.   Nonfiction readers only buy solutions, answers, or fulfillment. What problem does my book solve? What question does it answer? What dream does it fulfill? 5.         To think in specific terms. WHAT will I write? WHO will read it? WHAT will it do for those readers? WHERE can they be found online and offline? HOW do I get to them? HOW do I help them find me? HOW do I convince them to buy my book? 6.         To create an action plan. All the data in the world does little good unless it forms into a plan. Publishers demand one, and if you are the publisher, you should demand one, too. Promotion and marketing reach buyers. The plan considers how to find them and how to persuade them. Whats in a book proposal?  ¦    Overview  ¦    Marketing Promotion Plan  ¦    Competing Books  ¦    Authors

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology - Essay Example The selected sample comprised of randomly selected 716 patients from the psychiatric emergency room. They ranged in age from 12 to 95 years and had both male and female patients who were White or Black. All the subjects were either suicidal or had expressed suicidal tendencies. They were categorized into three groups: suicide ideators, suicide attempters and nonsuicidal controls. The procedure of the study was carried out through evaluations and interviews by a clinical social worker, a psychiatric nurse, and a psychiatrist. The diagnosis on the other hand was based on a combination of clinical interviews, medical examinations or laboratory tasks. The gathered information was detailed comprising of demographic information, history of suicide attempts and ideation and history of alcohol abuse, drug abuse and mental illness. The results of the study showed that suicidal patients differed from nonsuicidal patients in many ways however there were a lot of similarities present between sui cide attempters and ideators. The suicide ideators had the severest levels of pathology. The nonsuicidal controls had the highest frequency of previous psychiatric treatment, hospitalization and use of medications.

My Uncle's Addicted To Illegal Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Uncle's Addicted To Illegal Drugs - Essay Example That is the delinquent is not punished for abusing the drug, but for the actions committed whilst under its influence. Since the most controversial drug at the moment is marijuana this paper will limit itself to the examination of this narcotic. The Legalise Cannabis Alliance is a UK based political organization committed to the legalization of marijuana. It seeks to have marijuana and marijuana products removed from the UK Misuse of Drugs Act and that possession, cultivation and use of marijuana or its products should be free from prosecution. It argues that marijuana can be used to produce cost-free fuel through the process of pyrolysis on marijuana biomass. Further, it believes that the prohibition of marijuana infringes Human Rights. â€Å"Prohibition†¦goes beyond the bounds of reason in that it attempts to control man’s appetite through legislation and makes a crime out of things that are not even crimes†¦. A prohibition law strikes a blow at the very principles upon which our Government was founded.† (cited in Legalise Cannabis Alliance manifesto.) However, this is a very high end argument. It is philosophical and many times removed from the misery endured by those who abuse drugs and those who have to take care of drug abusers. It takes no account of the human or financial costs of drug abuse. The case for marijuana however is special. There are many myths about marijuana. According to the Legalise Cannabis Alliance website in 1999 the US Institute of Medicine concluded that marijuana is not addictive, it is not a gateway drug, it is not a dangerous drug and it does have medical uses. Why then is it outlawed? There are people who believe that the ‘war on drugs’ itself is adding to the human and financial costs, and that it would be wiser to stop fighting the war altogether. For example, Legalise Drugs – a pro-legalization, anti-drug organization

Christopher marlowe, doctor faustus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christopher marlowe, doctor faustus - Essay Example The use of typical Biblical jargon and tone can be witnessed in the words delivered by both the speakers. Dr. Faustus looks ambitious for embracing the satanic path for twenty four years of his life, where he could be in a position to dominate over others with the help of the evil magic bestowed upon him by Lucifer through his servant Mephistopheles. The author has skilfully thrown light on the intensity of lust and unabated series of desires for the achievement of power, pelf, possession, prestige and pecuniary gains in life, and appears to be unaware of the silent arrival of the death at last. Since Faustus belongs to the lower stratum of society, as the Chorus narrates, he seems to be in a hurry to acquire finances and status immediately by using unfair and even devilish means. Here, the language of the play again points out the spiritual message delivered by Marlowe that this mortal world would certainly end within a jiffy; so running amuck chasing materialistic objects may pave the way towards the horrible trench of curse, humiliation and mortification at last. Thus, Faustus is unable to apply foresightedness and declares hell as Elysium for him. (Line 63) The dialogue between Dr. Faustus and Mephistopheles emphasises upon the very fact that Marlowe maintained unflinching belief in monotheism and unconditional complying with the commandments of the Lord. It is therefore his protagonist admits that the eternal place of the atheist philosophers is not other than the ditch of inferno, where Dr. Faustus would remain forever in the company of the rebels of Almighty God. (Lines 64-67) Hence, Marlowe has applied the same sonorous tone used by John Milton, in the speech made by Satan while addressing his comrades, in his famous Paradise Lost. Thus, the distinguished playwright has pointed out towards the very reality that the rebel angels do never feel shy of their disobedience and rebellion they have raised against the all-Powerful out of the sheer jealousy and m alice for Adam. Consequently, they were tossed in the inferno headlong and still abide by there out of their consent. (Lines 77-78) Marlowe partly admires the steadfastness of the rebel angels which look engaged in enticing the innocent children of Adam and Eve out of their grudge for their first parents. Since the servants of Beelzebub consider it a war against the supremacy of man over them, they display their reverence for the cause of rebellion. It is therefore Mephistopheles prefers Lucifer’s service to the every blessings and bounties offered to him by the Lord. (Lines 79-82) To conclude, it becomes crystal clear that Marlowe has applied philosophical and intellectual language in the Biblical style while depicting the dialogue under examination. On the one side he looks condemning and censuring Dr. Faustus for his obnoxious decision of embracing satanic ways to join the devils in hell, and on the other side he seems to be encouraging and supporting the Lucifer junta for sticking to their cause forever and ever by refuting all rewards and bounties offered by the Lord to the pious and obedient at large. Bibliography Marlowe, Christopher (1592/1994) A Tragic history of Dr. Faustus Dover

Integrative Network Design Project Essay Example for Free

Integrative Network Design Project Essay The redesign for Kudler Fine Foods has covered the topology and standards and has defined the architecture, protocols, and strategies it will employ. Now security is the issue that needs to be reviewed. The most important aspect of any communications platform is that it is secure. This paper will discuss the security of the network and the details of the hardware choices that will be used in it. Security Hardware and Software Between every network and the outside host of threats there is a first line of defense. For almost every network this will be a firewall. A firewall can be both hardware and software and is usually a combination of the two. A firewall creates a barrier between networks. Any outside computer or client must pass through the firewall to access the network or its resources. Only a computer or system that has proper access can easily access a network protected by a properly configured firewall. Though it is not infallible, a firewall is the first and perhaps best means of security available to a network. The Kudler Fine Foods network will have firewalls installed and configured at each location. These firewalls will be designed to allow access from authenticated users inside the network. Communication outside of the network should be minimal and not available from unauthenticated sources. Customers do have the ability to access certain account information from the Kudler Fine Foods website. These accounts allow them an authenticated login to the webserver which can access the firewall and the specific account information behind it. Customers themselves do not have access to the network or its files. A truly secure network does not rely on a firewall alone. Individual devices still require their own security measures installed on them. The method of having each end user device be responsible for its own security is called Endpoint Security and many current forms of security systems use this ideology. Third party software can be installed that handles the actual endpoint security of the device. The important point is that each device has current software that protects against intrusion, viruses, and malware. Devices on the Kudler Fine Foods network will be installed with an application suite that will suit all of these needs. In addition to antivirus and antimalware software every device should have appropriate encryption. LAN vs WAN A local area network (LAN) is the most basic form of network; however the word local can be subjective. A local network can mean a small network in a home, or a business network covering several buildings on a city block. LANs are relatively fast, compact, and when configured correctly, have few errors or problems. The hardware needed to build an LAN is set up on OSI levels 1 and 2 and include devices like switches, bridges, hubs, and repeaters. Wide area networks (WAN) are complex networks that span large geographical areas. The most commonly known WAN is the Internet. WANs tend to be slower in speed, highly complex, and intolerant of system problems. Because of the multitude of connections on a WAN, even a simple down can create problems across the network. Fundamental Network Hardware All networks, whether local or larger, are built on the same types of hardware. Most of these systems are using Ethernet technology to connect them. Ethernet cabling uses twisted pair cabling to transmit data and connect devices with a universal technology. Networks use a system of routers, hubs, and switches connected by Ethernet cable. Routers are gateways between networks; these are frequently combined with other devices like a modem. Hubs create a connection point between sections of a network.  Hubs function by relaying frames received to all clients. Hubs are â€Å"dummy† technology in that they do not analyze the frames coming to them and do not relay them specifically to the intended recipient. Instead they transmit any received frame to all clients connected to them. This is a quick, cheap way of ensuring data is transmitted, but it does create large amounts of extra network traffic. A smarter and more expensive piece of equipment contemporary to the hub is the switch. A switch does the same function as the hub but is smarter than a hub. While hubs simply repeat their information to all clients, switches scan the frames that come to them and determine the recipient address. This way the switch can forward the frame to the proper client without tying up more network resources than necessary. Conclusion The Kudler Fine Foods network upgrade will be constructed on Ethernet technology, just as it is now. The fundamental construct will involve use of these hardware technologies and will include switches and routers. The three buildings are in different cities, so they will each have their own local networks. Each network has a connection to the other networks so they are connected by a wide area network at the same time. The devices at each location will be responsible for their own endpoint protection while each local network will be protected by a firewall.

Catch 22 and a few good men :: essays papers

Catch 22 and a few good men Catch-22 is a novel about the Second World War. It is set on the island of Pianosa, which is off the coast of Italy. It is set in the end of the war while the Germans are on the run and being pushed out of Italy. The book focuses on a bomb group, more specifically a squadron in which a bombardier named Yossarian is assigned to. Yossarian is very upset because all these people he doesn’t even know (the Germans) are trying to kill him. The novel is very hard to understand because of the way it is written. It is helpful in books about the military to have a time-date group so you know what is going on. This book doesn’t have that and is so full of flash backs and flash-forwards that it made my head spin. It wasn’t poorly written but it was hard follow. It has many technical errors such as having helicopters for search and rescue while helicopters weren’t used in military service until the Korean War. The story is a good one but paints a picture of military life as a joke almost. Most of the servicemen in this book had no discipline and did pretty much as they pleased. Yossarian goes through the whole story trying to get out of his squadron and go home. His problem is the commander of the group keeps raising the number of missions required to fly before the rotate home. Every time he gets close the raise the number on him again. Through it all he tries all these schemes to get sent home he acts sick and tries to act crazy. When he tries to acts crazy he thinks that he has a perfect plan to get sent home since there was a rule that anyone who was crazy was unfit to serve in the rigors of combat, but the rule said they had to ask to be grounded. When he goes to get himself grounded he discovers there is a catch. Catch-22 says that anyone who asks to be grounded is not crazy because recognizing danger is the process of a rational mind and anyone with a rational mind is not crazy. That is the main story line of the book.

Guidance of Young Children Essay -- Teaching Young Children

1. Developmentally appropriate practice as defined by NAEYC is a â€Å"framework of principles and guidelines for best practice in the care and education of young children, birth through age 8. Children cannot perform tasks that they are not yet developmentally capable of doing and teachers have to be aware of this. One would not expect a one year old child to be able to write their name, not only because they are not cognitively able to understand this task, but also because their fine motor skills have not developed enough to hold a writing instrument. Therefore, most adults would realize this task is not developmentally appropriate. A kindergarten teacher, for example, can able to expect his or her students to know why it is necessary as well as how to clean up their tables after coloring. This task would be developmentally appropriate for most 5 year olds. Making sure that developmentally appropriate tasks are utilized is important because children can easily get discouraged an d may feel inadequate if they cannot perform a task this is simply not within their developmental capabilities. 2. The majorities of teachers that I have interacted have tended to display the authoritative parenting style. They appeared to have respect for their students and allowed them to have a voice in classroom decisions. The teachers also exuded warmth and had genuine care and concern for their students. When students required discipline, the teachers did explain the reason to the child in most circumstances. However, one teacher that I worked with encompassed all three of the parenting styles. With certain students, she presented herself with an authoritative style. These students tended to follow directions, were well behaved and did well on ... ... the entire classroom the new skill or information and then have the children make an attempt. The teacher can focus the attention on the children who appear to be struggling. A wonderful form of learning that can utilize Vygotsky’s ideas of scaffolding and the zone of proximal development is cooperative learning. When children are grouped together with their various ZPD’s, together they can help each other learn and the teacher can assist each group as needed. Not only does this help the children who are struggling, but the students who have a firm grasp of the skills further them by teaching their fellow classmates. Bibliography Gartrell, D. (2004). The power of guidance, teaching social-emotional skills in early childhood classrooms. Belmont, CA: Delmar Marion, M. (2012). Guidance of young children. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc

Consumer Behaviour on Social Networking Website

content 1 Background1 2 Motivation and Value2 2. 1 Attributes2 2. 2 Outcomes2 2. 3 Values3 3 Reference group3 3. 1 Aspiration reference group3 3. 2 Informal group4 4 Culture and consumption5 4. 1 Supranational culture5 4. 2 National culture5 4. 3 Subculture5 4. 3. 1 Family6 4. 3. 2 Language6 5 Conclusion6 1 Background Social networking has brought a great change in to the way people build relations with others. These sites are online platforms where users can create profiles to provide personal information, exchange individual ideas and share their interests with the others.Through social networking sites, people can keep in touch with friends despite the long distance and daily bustle. In this way, networking sites change the old communication pattern that people used to communicate face to face. In addition, more internet users accept this new way to build their social ties. According to the Pew Internet's report on social networking(2011), the number of people using social network ing sites raised from 34 of internet users in 2008 to 59% in 2010. Weibo, the second-largest social networking site in China, can be used as a good example to clearly demonstrate this huge success.It operated by SINA corporation and launched in August 2009. As a microblogging platform, Weibo enables customers publishing, broadcasting and achieving instant information based on their relationship. It does not take too much time for Weibo to get a large number of users. On the second quarter financial report released by SINA Weibo 2012 (cited in LU, 2012), there are 368 millions registered users and 36. 5m daily active users on Weibo by the end of June this year. The first driving force of Weibo to attract massive users is its ideally integrating the functions of Twitter and Facebook.Weibo require people to publish posts within 140 Chinese characters and enables people to view embedded pictures and media without leaving the original page. The second appealing feature of Weibo is its Mi cro topics page that groups up all tweets on a certain topic. Similarly, the hottest trends categorization page and the famous people collection page, named Board of Fame and Hall of Celebrity respectively, are third attributor to the success of this site. In following, the means-end chain theory, perceptual model and the self will be applied to explain the achievement of Weibo: Motivation and Value Gutman (1982) presents the Means-end chain that consumer buying behavior determines by fulfilling desired values which could be obtained from the consequence of enjoying the product or service attributes. Desire values could be obtained due to satisfaction of customers in product or services attributes. More specifically, the reason why people consume a certain product/ service is that the nature of the product/ service can generate some outcomes that can achieve individuals' values. This theory can be used to illustrate the success of Weibo. 2. 1 AttributesEach product has its own attri butes. However, as a microblogging service, the attributes of Weibo is different from that of physical products. What has been provided by the service, rather that what it looks like, is the features for Weibo. According to Sohn and kim (2012), seven features can be used to identify social networking sites: information, share, communication, interaction, entertainment, intimacy and connection. However, in this case, interaction with other users can be regarded as a two way communication and connection to their friends can be described as the result of communication.Therefore, main attributes for Weibo are information, communication and entertainment. Regards to information, each profile contains personal information like hometown, interests and schools, etc. And individuals can publish feeds about what they think and what they have seen. Users can possibly follow everyone who they are interested in, like super star, corporation CEO, organization. Then, all the new feeds will be show n once customers log on their account. Meanwhile, people can Retweet the message they like, providing such information to their friends who may not know it. By this way, Weibo provides much information for its users.The second function is communication: users can send immediate message to have chat with friends. Besides this, the opinions of customers are clearly expressed via commenting and replying upon a specific feed. With providing a two way communication among users, people can also enhance their offline social network. Lastly, Weibo provides entertainment functions for users. For instance, there is a medal reward system, where medals can be earned by some simple actions like tweet containing a certain word. Similarly, a gaming portal consisting of various mini web games is provided by this site. 2. 2 OutcomesAfter experiencing all functions of Weibo, customers can enjoy serval results. Firstly, people can widen their horizon of knowledge and expand their social network throug h information attribute. As numerous consumers from all fields of life have opened accounts in Weibo, people can get huge amount of information like business news, social issues and fashion trends. And through sharing personal information and emotions in profiles, Weibo makes it easy to find friends with the same interest. Secondly, with various ways to communicate with others, it is convenient for customers to sustain offline relationships and strength online friendships.Finally, with a variety of entertainment activities, hanging around Weibo have become a good way for recreation among netizens. 2. 3 Values As above-mentioned attributes and outcomes offer a clue, people consume this microblogging service with the hope to achieve these values: belonging, fun and entertainment, warm relations with others, being well respected, self-respect and security, based on the nine consumer values by Kahle(1989). Firstly, Maslow (1943) defines belonging as a feeling of accepted by other member s in a community. As in Weibo, individual can be recognized as a unique person by other users through personal page.Then, all new friends and old friends form a special community for that user. What the user post will receive friends' comments, serving as a indicator of acceptance. Next, people can obtain pleasure and recreation in their lives on Weibo. Having a chat with friends, sharing and viewing opinions on current affairs, playing mini online games, and seeing what their friends are doing can make consumers have a rest from their works or studies. Thirdly, people can enhance friendships by using Weibo. Viewing others' feeds can provide users information about friends' interests, happiness and sorrows.People can know clearly what to talk about with each friend. Furthermore, customers can feel respectable from friends. In Weibo, people show their concerns about what you post by viewing and commenting, even retweeting when they like it. 3 Reference group Reference group means gro ups that have influence on an individual's attitudes, behavior, beliefs, opinions and values (Thompson & Hickey, 2005). If people in reference group have a positive attitude towards a certain brand, they can use their power to attract more users for that brand.Therefore, it is essential for one brand to figure out reference groups that exert effects on its target customers and to give a good impression on those groups. In the case of Weibo, the company has successfully used two reference groups, which are aspiration group and informal group, to increase user number. 3. 1 Aspiration reference group Those people who are admired by the public, like actors, athletes, business people, make up the aspiration group (Solomon et. Al 2010). Many companies have used these celebrities in their advertisements or endorsements to promote its brand.Not surprisingly, Weibo have adopted this tactic along its development to appeal more users. At the initial testing stage, Weibo enhanced its brand awar eness by sending out exclusive registration codes to celebrities. The SINA company firstly invited notables, opinion leaders and industry leaders, who are existing customers of SINA blog, to open account in Weibo. Then, each invited celebrity would be asked to send out 20 special invitation codes to his/her friends, encouraging them to log in Weibo. Then, Weibo used those available notable accounts to attract massive fans to open accounts on Weibo.Consumers hope to get up-to-date information about their idols from following idols' Weibo profile. â€Å"I was a early adopter of Weibo. † said Iris, a Chinese girl from Management major in Leeds University, â€Å"I opened my Weibo account in November 2009. Wanting to know more about my idol–Ashin, a Taiwanese singer, is the main stimulation for me to register in Weibo. With just two or three sentences in a feed, Weibo keep me informed about the daily routines of my idol and let me feel more closer to his life. † As a nother attraction to customers, Weibo guarantees authenticity of idol accounts to customers.All those celebrity accounts would be verified through real-name system before opening, and be added â€Å"V† after their user names to distinguish with ordinary users. Furthermore, owing to facilitate users to find their idols easily, Weibo gathered all these approved accounts into one page, named Hall of Celebrity. Until March 2012, there are 165,000 celebrity accounts in Weibo. On 2nd December 2012, the number of fans for the top one celebrity is over 27 million. As can been seen from these features and data, Weibo has paid huge attention on reference groups and gained plenty of users from these groups. . 2 Informal group Besides using aspiration group, Weibo took advantage of informal group to acquire more users. Thanks to more involvement in others' everyday lives, informal group poses tremendous effects on their consumer behavior, such as whether or not using social networking si tes, which specific site to be used. Weibo, just as other social networking sites, want to enable consumers to get connected with their offline friends and meet new friends with same interests. So as to be successful, large customer database should be provided for new users to find friends.Most of Weibo users firstly know this networking sites from their friends. Another three users' experiences are used to support this statement. Juliet, a Chinese girl in Advertising and Marketing in Leeds University, said, â€Å"I knew Weibo from several friends' recommendations. They had already opened accounts. With sharing feelings and interesting news no more than 140 characters, my friends found it user-friendly and amusing. So they hoped I could join with them. After one trial, I fell in love with this site. And I have recommended this site to my friends who have not had Weibo account yet. The same with Juliet, other two users opened their accounts because of their friends' influence. They said, â€Å"It is just a habit to keep logging into Weibo to see new feeds from friends. And, if I have not used Weibo while others have, I would feel very outdated. And I also persuaded some of my friends to use Weibo. † As stated above, individual can be influenced by his/her reference group to register in Weibo, and then become one member of reference group to alter other's attitude. With this process goes on, Weibo gets an increasing number of users, which leads to its success. Culture and consumption Culture is the learned and shared beliefs and values that influence the formation of attitudes and behaviors among members of a society(). There are three different level of culture: supranational culture, national culture and subculture. The success of Weibo can be explained by these levels. (Baldwin, 2006) 4. 1 Supranational culture Supranational culture aspect can indicate that the success of Weibo is not a exception. Before the launch of Weibo, Twitter, an American micro blogging service, has be prevalent in a global scale, with over 18 million users in 009 (Wolfe, 2011). With global growth of internet usage, people have shared a cosmopolitan culture with same beliefs: time-conscious(Hongladarom, 2005). Caring more about time has a strong impact on the habit of writing and reading. People are more willing to write and read posts of daily lives within few sentences. That is a big driving force to the invention of microblogging sites, which provide people to publish feeds in just 140 characters. 4. 2 National culture In this level, because of its Chinese interface, Weibo is exclusively popular in China.The alteration of national values has led to the success of Weibo. With the affection by western culture, Chinese are becoming increasingly emphasis on liberalism. Freedom has been highly valued in every aspects of life, especially freedom of speech. In the past, only the people with strong power can make their voices heard and it is unable for the publ ic to talk about the government. But Weibo changed this situation by giving the discourse power to common people. In this site, everyone can speak out his/her opinions on trending news and more people can read those ideas with the function of forward.Also, people can become ‘we media' to spread out the news around them, which is known by few people but of importance on the society. 4. 3 Subculture Subculture is the same culture shared barely by a small group in a nation/society. It is largely influenced by the personalities of members in that group. In this level, the characteristics of new netizen generation could explain the widespread usage of Weibo. Weibo has designed its website tailoring to characteristics in this subculture. According to the Enfodesk report, customers aged from 20~34 accounted for 76. 52 percent for the Weibo users.It means that major customers of Weibo are born in 1980s and 1990s, which is a new generation in China after the â€Å"only one child† policy. There are there typical elements affecting this culture group. 4. 3. 1 Family In oriental culture, like in China, people put more emphasis on relationships with other. And family is the most important relation that plays a vital role in the formation of personalities. And Child tend to be more self conscious in small families than large families. In China, the structure of family experienced huge changes after the ‘one child' policy.The ‘China Population Statistics Yearbook 2000'stated that the family size gradually reduced in scale since the policy and the average number of each family dropped from 4. 51 in 1982 to 3. 58 in 1999. Having only child in their family among the generation of 80s and 90s, parents putted all attention and family resources on their child, which lead to a certain degree of doting on that child. As a result, the new generation is more self-centered, revealing a era of self. And, people in this group wanted to be different from their par ents' generation and tend to more emphasis on the self expression.The customization feature of Weibo satisfies this value by provide a stage for people to show themselves. Individual can differentiate with others by showing own ideas towards fashion and current affairs, display his/her interests and create personalize profile. 4. 3. 2 Language Special language is other component to form the subculture. In culture among the generation of 80s and 90s, people usually use the internet catchword in their daily conversation. This words can be defined as a peculiar way of saying something which has become established after long use in netizens.Because of their simplification and humorous, many youth use these special phrases in their feeds in social networking sites. As a result, more users know these catchphrases and spread them out to create even larger influence. Moreover, people need to frequently surf the internet to keep up with the newest famous words because of its time-sensitive. For Weibo, it provide a free place to enhance the popularity of pop words online and vice verse the pop words would attract more users for Weibo. According to Baidao website, Weibo fueled the prevalence of Internet catchwords in 2011. 5 ConclusionIn brief, this essay has discussed three consumer behavior theories, that are the means-end chain, the power of reference group and the three levels of subjective cultures, to explain the success of Weibo. Firstly, Weibo clearly created its major features catering to the desired values of its target customers. With functions of information, communication and entertainment,this site enables people to build self image, get friends' up-to-date information, enhance social network and have a recreation. Consequently, consumers can fulfill their values of self expression, sense of belonging, entertainment life and self-esteem.Then, this site have used the reference power of celebrities and friends to attract more users along its development. By f irstly encouraging important people to open accounts, Weibo induced thousands of their fans. Similarly, these early users influence their friends to use this service. Finally, supranational culture, national culture and subculture lays a foundation to the achievement of Weibo. The widespread presence of social networking sites could be used to indicate the success of Weibo. And the Chinese national culture and youth culture have speeded up the popularity of Weibo.Though Weibo is successful in certain degree, there are still some measures which could be taken to enhance its publicity. On one hand, Weibo should provide a internal version for foreigners. Only using Chinese as the instructional language is big problem that leads to the limitation of global users. The fact is that there are increasing number of foreign users who access the website in recent time, such as Boris Johnson–the mayor of London, David Mitchell–the author of Cloud Atlas. However, they can not use t he website efficiently because they are not familiar with Chinese language.So it would be beneficial for Weibo to have another vision using global language. On the other hand, Weibo should try to create some culture based features to allure and keep customers. As can be seen from many famous products, people ReferenceBOYD, D. M. , N. B. ELLISON. 2007. 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